This paper considers the question of why the non-citizenship of offenders poses an obstacle to their criminal punishment. Several proposals are rejected, including Antony Duff’s proposal. It is proposed, instead, that governments are not authorized to punish any offender who cannot be attributed with the norm he violates. The government cannot attribute the norm that a non-citizen violates to him, if the non-citizen can raise in his favor the fact that he has no say over the law. Under certain circumstances, such as when they are visiting, non-citizens cannot raise this point, and so can be attributed with the norms they violate.

中文翻译：

---

惩罚非公民

本文考虑了为什么罪犯的非公民身份会对他们的刑事处罚构成障碍的问题。包括安东尼·达夫（Antony Duff）的提案在内的一些提案被拒绝了。取而代之的是，建议政府无权惩处无法归咎于其违规行为的任何犯罪者。如果非公民可以举报他对法律没有发言权，那么政府就不能将非公民违反的规范归于他。在某些情况下，例如他们来访时，非公民无法提出这一点，因此可以归因于他们违反的规范。