This article presents a “distributional” approach for the study of political inequality of voice (hereinafter PIV ) which complements the prevailing “categorical” approach. It measures distributional PIV using a country-level political Gini index based on the 2004 ISSP survey applied to 38 countries. This measure indicates how evenly political voice – as measured by individual engagement in several political participation activities – is distributed among the adult population. The authors highlight three results: 1) there is considerable cross-national variation in the political Gini, which ranges from 0.33 (Canada and New Zealand) to 0.81 (Hungary); 2) the political Gini is modestly correlated with categorical measures of PIV ; 3) political inequality is statistically and substantively higher in countries with younger and less consolidated democratic institutions, in those with predominantly clientelistic rather than programmatic political competition, and in less socioeconomically developed countries, though this last association is less robust than the formers.

中文翻译：

---

38 个国家的政治不平等：分配方法

本文提出了一种研究声音政治不平等（以下简称 PIV）的“分配”方法，它补充了流行的“分类”方法。它使用基于 2004 年应用于 38 个国家的 ISSP 调查的国家级政治基尼指数来衡量分配 PIV。这一衡量标准表明，政治话语权——通过个人参与多项政治参与活动来衡量——在成年人口中的分布情况如何。作者强调了三个结果：1）政治基尼系数存在相当大的跨国差异，范围从 0.33（加拿大和新西兰）到 0.81（匈牙利）；2) 政治基尼系数与 PIV 的分类指标适度相关；