Jeffrey Masten. Queer Philologies: Sex, Language, and Affect in Shakespeare's Time. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. Pp. xii + 353. $59.95. To introduce readers to what a practice of "queer philology" might look like, Jeffrey Masten opens this wonderful new book with a discussion of "Q." A single letter, of course, constitutes an element that we might describe as one of the most basic components of language. In quick brushstrokes, Masten shows how queer a character Q really is. Take, for example, that Q's name would have an erotic resonance in the time of Shakespeare as the sound of its name suggests a "cul" or "arse," as the definition reads in an early modern French-English dictionary. Consider that, in order to teach the shapes of letters, primers sometimes portrayed letter forms on a grid in relation to forms and poses of the human body. Q, with its front-facing tail, stands out among its counterparts as a shape that breaks outside the normative grid. Note also that letter pairings in the early modern period were described with the language of desire and manhood. One grammar book, for instance, describes Q as desiring to have V after it, though the second letter loses its virtue in the coupling. With thoroughly researched and surprising details such as these, Queer Philologies suggests exciting new possibilities in one of the foundational fields of literary study. But this book isn't just about minor details. Such details map to larger issues of social identity and relations. The alphabet, this discussion of Q reminds us, is produced by a culture and evolves with that culture, and thus can be used to reveal ideological beliefs. Further, just as grammar handbooks tell us how to write letters and how to pair them with each other, guidelines for the use of language point to the ways that disciplines not only work to define norms but also are involved in project of disciplining practitioners. After the very focused discussion of Q at the outset, the study widens its gaze to address a range of literary genres and authors, all the while maintaining the insight and attention to detail that characterizes the book's careful opening analysis. In major part, the book's aim is "to draw critical attention...to the ways in which philology's manifold methods and rhetorics of investigation are often themselves thoroughly implicated in the languages of sex, gender, and the body" (18). Through its array of applications, Queer Philologies reveals how this field that so inherently involves "analysis of language and textual transmission, contamination, and correction" shares a tropic language with the lexicon of reproduction, sexuality, and the family (20). In doing so, it showcases rich scholarly territory where sexuality intersects with textuality. One of the most interesting parts of the book involves discussion of the role of editors in fashioning texts and consequently readers' reception of those texts. For example, spelling practices and other patterns of writing have helped scholars identify different compositors of Shakespeare's work. Masten deftly shows how these practices of profiling individuals based on exhibited behaviors mirror efforts in the middle of the twentieth century to identify homosexual employees in the US government. Turning next to the history of editors' efforts to correct "errors" in early modern texts, Masten shows us another clear link between philology and sexuality by tracing how attempts to fix or regularize spelling has worked to elide possibilities for a variety of forms of romantic and sexual relations. For example, the marriage scene in the folio version of As You Like It reads "joyne his hand with his" to describe the marriage between Rosalind/Ganymede and Orlando. However, editors almost universally emend the line to "correct" one instance of "his" to read "her," thus foreclosing the gendered possibilities for how we interpret the scene. …

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酷儿语言学：莎士比亚时代的性、语言和影响，杰弗里·马斯腾

杰弗里·马斯腾。酷儿语言学：莎士比亚时代的性、语言和影响。费城：宾夕法尼亚大学出版社，2016 年。Pp。xii + 353。59.95 美元。为了向读者介绍“酷儿语言学”的实践可能是什么样子，杰弗里·马斯腾 (Jeffrey Masten) 在这本精彩的新书开篇时讨论了“Q”。当然，单个字母构成了一个元素，我们可以将其描述为语言最基本的组成部分之一。在快速的笔触中，马斯腾展示了一个角色 Q 的真实性。举个例子，Q 的名字在莎士比亚时代会产生色情共鸣，因为它的名字的声音暗示了“cul”或“arse”，正如早期现代法英词典中的定义那样。考虑一下，为了教授字母的形状，引物有时会在与人体形式和姿势相关的网格上描绘字母形式。Q 的尾部朝前，作为一种打破规范网格的形状，在同类产品中脱颖而出。另请注意，现代早期的字母配对是用欲望和男子气概的语言来描述的。例如，一本语法书将 Q 描述为希望在它后面有 V，尽管第二个字母在耦合中失去了它的优点。酷儿语言学通过深入研究这些令人惊讶的细节，在文学研究的基础领域之一提出了令人兴奋的新可能性。但这本书不仅仅是关于小细节。这些细节映射到更大的社会身份和关系问题。字母表，这个关于 Q 的讨论提醒我们，是由一种文化产生的，并随着这种文化而发展，从而可以用来揭示意识形态信仰。此外，正如语法手册告诉我们如何写信以及如何将它们相互配对一样，语言使用指南指出了学科不仅用于定义规范而且还涉及纪律从业者项目的方式。在开始时对 Q 进行了非常集中的讨论之后，该研究将目光投向了一系列文学体裁和作者，同时保持了本书仔细开篇分析的洞察力和对细节的关注。在主要部分，这本书的目的是“引起批判性的注意......对语言学的多种研究方法和修辞学本身往往完全涉及性、性别和身体语言的方式”（18）。通过其一系列应用，酷儿语言学揭示了这个固有地涉及“语言和文本传输、污染和校正的分析”的领域如何与生殖、性和家庭的词汇共享热带语言 (20)。这样做，它展示了丰富的学术领域，其中性与文本相交。本书最有趣的部分之一是讨论编辑在塑造文本中的作用以及读者对这些文本的接受程度。例如，拼写练习和其他写作模式帮助学者识别莎士比亚作品的不同创作者。马斯滕巧妙地展示了这些根据表现出的行为对个人进行剖析的做法如何反映了 20 世纪中叶在美国政府中识别同性恋雇员的努力。谈到编辑们努力纠正早期现代文本中的“错误”的历史，马斯滕通过追踪试图修复或规范拼写如何消除各种形式的浪漫主义的可能性，向我们展示了语言学和性之间的另一个明确联系。和性关系。例如，对开版中的婚姻场景如你所愿，上面写着“joyne his hand with his”来描述 Rosalind/Ganymede 和奥兰多之间的婚姻。然而，编辑们几乎普遍地修改了这一行，以“纠正”一个“他的”的例子，读“她”，因此排除了我们如何解释场景的性别可能性。…