Abstract This paper proposes an approach to narrative deixis which offers a coherent analysis of the respective roles of proximal and distal deictic expressions (demonstratives as well as temporal and locative adverbs). The paper starts by arguing that fictional narratives require an approach to deixis which modifies a number of broadly held assumptions, especially as regards the interaction between tense and other deictic forms. It then considers the widely discussed instance of the temporal adverb now in the context of Past Tense. The second part of the paper gives special focus to demonstratives in narrative fiction, showing their role in temporal construals. It argues that both temporal and demonstrative expressions are primarily used to serve narrative viewpoint construction (which includes but is not limited to temporal viewpoint). Examples from several novels are then used to show how the proximal and distal choices of demonstratives, temporal adverbs and locative adverbs structure narrative viewpoint, including narrative representation of character experience. The paper concludes by proposing that in the context of fictional narratives the proximal/distal contrast is more relevant to meaning emergence than individual aspects of deixis, and that the construal of time can be achieved through the whole spectrum of deictic forms, not just tense and temporal adverbs such as now and then.

中文翻译：

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近端和远端的行为和叙事时间的建构

摘要本文提出了叙事性指称的方法，该方法对近端和远端指示性表达（指示性以及时间和位置副词）的各自作用进行了连贯分析。本文首先论证说，虚构的叙事需要一种指法修辞法，该方法修改了许多广泛持有的假设，尤其是在时态与其他修辞格形式之间的相互作用方面。然后，它考虑了在过去时态下目前广泛讨论的时间副词实例。本文的第二部分特别关注叙事小说中的指示词，展示它们在时间建构中的作用。它认为，时间表达和指示性表达都主要用于叙事观点的建构（包括但不限于时间观点）。然后，使用一些小说中的例子来说明指示词，时间副词和位置副词的近端和远端选择如何构成叙事观点，包括角色体验的叙事表现。本文的结论是，在虚构叙事的背景下，近端/远端对比比含义的各个方面更与意义出现相关，并且时间的建构可以通过整个形体形式来实现，而不仅仅是时态和时态。时态副词，例如现在和之后。