In 1563, the Catholic Church responded to the Protestant challenge to the religious life as the most holy feminine state with the maxim aut maritus aut murus (wife or wall). The navigation of that dictum by early modern women across Catholic Europe has arguably been one of the dominant themes in the scholarship over the last thirty years. Certainly, there had always been the opportunity for women to lead a religious life outside of marriage and the cloister as beatas, tertiaries and beguines. Yet it was after the Council of Trent (1545–1563) that women had to renegotiate a space in the world in which they could lead spiritually-fulfilling devotional lives. If this was one unintended legacy of 1517, then the quincentenary of the Reformation seems a timely moment to reflect on new directions in the now burgeoning historiography on lay women in Counter-Reformation Europe.

中文翻译：

---

在反改革中奠定女性虔诚的生活

1563年，天主教会以最大的maritus aut murus（妻子或围墙）作为新教徒对宗教生活的挑战，将其作为最神圣的女性状态。在过去的三十年中，早期现代女性在整个天主教欧洲对这一格言的浏览一直是该奖学金的主要主题之一。当然，妇女总是有机会在婚姻和回教堂之外过着比阿塔人，大专生和贝吉人过宗教生活的机会。然而，直到特伦特会议（1545-1563）之后，妇女才必须重新谈判世界上的一个空间，在其中她们可以过着精神上充实的奉献生活。如果这是1517年的意外遗产，