By retracing the history of the Protestant journal Eckart , this article examines a theological forum in which supporters and opponents of the Nazi movement came into direct contact. Specifically, the article evaluates political ambiguities among religious authors, who had openly rejected Nazism from the 1920s onward but would feel compelled by theological considerations to remain loyal to the regime after 1933. Analyzing contemporary discussions of the Protestant Two Kingdoms Doctrine, for example, puts historiographical distinctions between “resistance” and “collaboration” into question. This study shows that Protestant intellectuals were able to voice a limited degree of public criticism until World War II. Their criticism, however, was often so imbued with nationalism and ideals of loyalty that it effectively helped stabilize the Nazi regime. In Eckart , even critics engaged deeply with volkisch and anti-Semitic ideology. Finally, this article also shows how these authors perpetuated nationalist ideas in West Germany after 1945.

中文翻译：

---

公共批评和私人同意：神学和纳粹主义之间的新教新闻，1920-1960

通过回顾新教杂志《埃卡特》的历史，这篇文章考察了纳粹运动的支持者和反对者直接接触的神学论坛。具体而言，这篇文章评估了宗教作家之间的政治歧义，他们从 1920 年代起就公开拒绝纳粹主义，但在 1933 年之后会因神学考虑而不得不继续忠于政权。例如，分析新教两国学说的当代讨论，提出“抵抗”和“合作”之间的历史区别受到质疑。这项研究表明，直到第二次世界大战，新教知识分子才能够发表有限程度的公开批评。然而，他们的批评往往充满了民族主义和忠诚的理想，以至于它有效地帮助稳定了纳粹政权。在 Eckart 中，即使是批评家也深深地参与了大众和反犹太主义意识形态。最后，本文还展示了这些作者如何在 1945 年后在西德延续民族主义思想。