At the beginning of the 20th century, research on material substances such as blood and metals was in high demand, as is apparent from the successful careers of the serologist Ludwik Hirszfeld (1884-1954) and the metallurgist Jan Czochralski (1885-1953). Both were leading experts of their time, their transnational biographies - spanning the German-speaking countries and Poland - were remarkably similar, and they both played important roles in the development of their respective disciplines. This paper explores how their contributions were closely tied to the circulation of their respective research materials - blood and metals - and of knowledge about them throughout Europe and beyond. These examples forcefully demonstrate that, in order to fully understand how specific, widely accepted bodies of knowledge emerge, both local situations and the material conditions have to be considered. Drawing on Latour's actor-network theory, the transnational stories of serology and metallurgy demonstrate the range of human and non-human actors, practices, and techniques that contributed to the circulation of knowledge, to its successful application, and also to occasional failure in specific geographical and cultural contexts.

中文翻译：

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Stoffe auf Reisen：Die transnationalen Akteure Jan Czochralski und Ludwik Hirszfeld 和 die lokale Bedingtheit der Entstehung von Wissen

20 世纪初，对血液和金属等物质的研究需求量很大，这从血清学家 Ludwik Hirszfeld (1884-1954) 和冶金学家 Jan Czochralski (1885-1953) 的成功职业生涯中可以明显看出。两人都是他们那个时代的顶尖专家，他们的跨国传记——跨越德语国家和波兰——非常相似，他们都在各自学科的发展中发挥了重要作用。本文探讨了他们的贡献如何与他们各自的研究材料——血液和金属——以及在整个欧洲及其他地区的相关知识的流通密切相关。这些例子有力地表明，为了充分理解具体的、被广泛接受的知识体系是如何出现的，必须考虑当地情况和物质条件。借鉴拉图的行动者网络理论，血清学和冶金学的跨国故事展示了人类和非人类行动者、实践和技术的范围，这些行动者、实践和技术有助于知识的流通、成功应用，以及在特定领域的偶然失败。地理和文化背景。