The scope and mission of the history of science have been constant objects of reflection and debate within the profession. Recently, Lorraine Daston has called for a shift of focus: from the history of science to the history of knowledge. Such a move is an attempt at broadening the field and ridding it of the contradictions deriving from its modernist myth of origin and principle of demarcation. Taking the move from a pluralistic concept of medicine, the present paper explores the actual and possible contributions that a history of knowledge can offer to the history of medicine in particular. As we will argue, the history of medicine has always been a history of knowledge, but for good reasons has always stuck to the concept of medicine as its object and problem throughout the ages, including the modern, scientific one. We argue that, in the history of medicine, the demarcation between scientific and non‐scientific represents an accident, but is not foundational as in the case of natural science. Furthermore, the history of medicine programmatically played a role in at least two academic domains (history proper and medical education), adjusting historical narratives of medical knowledge to its audience. Accordingly, we underscore that the history of both science and medicine, as traditionally defined, already provides room for almost the whole spectrum of approaches to history. Moreover, their different myths of origin can, and indeed must, be included in the reflexivity of the historical gaze. We argue that the position towards a history of science, medicine, or knowledge is not a question of narrative or theory, rather, it is a question of relevance and awareness of extant contexts.

中文翻译：

---

简而言之，显而易见：科学、医学、知识和历史

科学史的范围和使命一直是科学界不断反思和争论的对象。最近，洛林·达斯顿 (Lorraine Daston) 呼吁转移关注点：从科学史转向知识史。此举是为了拓宽领域，并消除源自现代主义起源神话和划界原则的矛盾。从多元化的医学概念出发，本文探讨了知识史可以对医学史做出的实际和可能的贡献，尤其是对医学史的贡献。正如我们将要讨论的，医学史一直是一部知识史，但出于充分的理由，各个时代，包括现代科学的医学在内，一直坚持将医学作为其对象和问题的概念。我们认为，在医学史上，科学与非科学的分界代表了一种偶然，但不像自然科学那样具有基础性。此外，医学史至少在两个学术领域（历史专业和医学教育）中发挥了作用，调整了医学知识的历史叙述以适应其受众。因此，我们强调，按照传统的定义，科学史和医学史已经为几乎所有的历史方法提供了空间。此外，他们不同的起源神话可以而且确实必须包含在历史凝视的反思性中。我们认为，科学史、医学史或知识史的立场不是叙事或理论的问题，而是，