Many political, economic and social transformations have occurred in South Africa since the first democratic elections in 1994. The country has made significant efforts in trying to establish and rebrand its cities as multiracial and multicultural hubs with democratic public spaces. In an ideal city, public space represents and embodies the ideology of deliberate democracy as postulated by Habermas. However, attempts in South Africa to re(design) public spaces also reflect instances of alienation, conflict and anxiety. This article focusses on the governance and design of public space in the capital of South Africa, the City of Tshwane. The analysis highlights the challenges encapsulated in the governance and design of different types of spaces towards enabling opportunities for deliberate democracy in Tshwane. The paper argues that to address these challenges, urban designers and local authority officials need to focus on both the process and product of urban design, through an emphasis on Spatial Democracy; to readdress governance practices, and Democratic Space; to redirect design practices, both of which have a significant impact on the use, misuse and lack of use of public space.

中文翻译：

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通过南非首都茨瓦内公共空间的民主治理和设计实现协商民主

自 1994 年第一次民主选举以来，南非发生了许多政治、经济和社会变革。该国做出了重大努力，努力将其城市建立和重塑为具有民主公共空间的多种族和多文化中心。在理想的城市中，公共空间代表并体现了哈贝马斯所假设的刻意民主的意识形态。然而，南非重新（设计）公共空间的尝试也反映了异化、冲突和焦虑的情况。本文重点介绍南非首都茨瓦内市公共空间的治理和设计。分析强调了不同类型空间的治理和设计中所面临的挑战，以便为茨瓦内的深思熟虑的民主创造机会。本文认为，为了应对这些挑战，城市设计师和地方当局官员需要通过强调空间民主来关注城市设计的过程和产品；重新处理治理实践和民主空间；重定向设计实践，这两者都对公共空间的使用、滥用和缺乏使用产生重大影响。