This article presents a critical reading of Albert O. Hirschman’s typology of exit, voice and loyalty as a heuristic for understanding the changing meanings of exile in the 20th and early 21st centuries. It is argued that Hirschman’s experiences as well as the theory he distilled from them are highly relevant for researchers of forced migration and exile. After first defending the usefulness of Hirschman’s analytical framework for exile and diaspora studies, the article then highlights the need to revise and complicate his approach. Hirschman could not foresee the emerging global possibilities of cultivating ‘the art of voice’, new forms of internal and self-exile as a result of post-fascist versions of authoritarianism, and the growing difficulties faced by refugees including, refugee scholars and writers, to exit their countries and find a safe haven somewhere else. The gaps in Hirschman’s theory are addressed by drawing on insights from the writings of Judith Shklar.

中文翻译：

---

难民会说话吗？阿尔伯特·赫希曼和流放的变化意义

本文对阿尔伯特·奥·赫希曼 (Albert O. Hirschman) 的退出、声音和忠诚类型学进行了批判性解读，以此作为了解 20 世纪和 21 世纪初流亡意义不断变化的启发式方法。有人认为，赫希曼的经历以及他从中提炼出的理论与强迫移民和流放的研究人员高度相关。在首先捍卫赫希曼的流亡和侨民研究分析框架的有用性之后，文章强调了修改和复杂化他的方法的必要性。赫希曼无法预见培养“声音艺术”的新兴全球可能性，由于后法西斯主义版本的威权主义，新形式的内部和自我流放，以及难民面临的日益严重的困难，包括难民学者和作家，离开他们的国家并在其他地方找到一个安全的避风港。Hirschman 理论中的空白通过借鉴 Judith Shklar 著作中的见解来解决。