This study uses survey data and administrative records collected over a three-year period to examine the gap between the amount of time students invested and the amount they were expected to invest in academic activities. The sample includes 2232 first-year and final-year undergraduate students at an elite research university in Kazakhstan. The study measured time allocation gap in terms of the degree to which the total amount of time invested in academic activities fell short of the expected amount (class attendance and out-of-class study time combined), given the student’s credit load. The study found that, on average, undergraduate students (first and fourth year) allocated 35% less time to academic activities than expected under ECTS standards or 28% less time than expected under Carnegie standards. Using a quasi-experimental research design (propensity score matching), the study found that time allocation gap had a negative impact on undergraduate academic performance.

中文翻译：

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实际和预期的学术活动时间分配之间的差距及其对本科学习成绩的影响

本研究使用三年期间收集的调查数据和行政记录来检查学生投入的时间与他们预期在学术活动上投入的时间之间的差距。该样本包括哈萨克斯坦一所精英研究型大学的 2232 名一年级和最后一年的本科生。考虑到学生的学分负担，该研究根据投入学术活动的总时间低于预期量（课堂出勤和课外学习时间相加）的程度来衡量时间分配差距。研究发现，平均而言，本科生（一年级和四年级）分配给学术活动的时间比 ECTS 标准下的预期少 35%，或比卡内基标准下的预期少 28%。