Research continues to examine the barriers to and facilitators of positive fathering behaviors. One area recently addressed by researchers focuses on the relationship between masculine norm adherence and father involvement. Yet, little work has examined cross-national variability in this relationship—despite differences in gender norms, fathering expectations, and social policies across countries. The present study considers possible differences in the relationship between masculine norm adherence and fathering behaviors in the United States and Canada—two rich, multiethnic countries with many similarities but some distinct policy and family support differences. Using data from fathers in Canada (n = 2057) and the United States (n = 2207), our results show that fathers in Canada are warmer, more involved, provide more care, and use harsh discipline less than their American counterparts. Furthermore, the negative association between masculine norm adherence and positive fathering behaviors is stronger among American fathers than Canadian fathers. Overall, our findings indicate the importance of social context for understanding how gender norms shape men’s parenting, given that the association between masculine norms and fathering varies in two culturally similar countries with different social policies around family life. Implications for social policy in the two countries and within institutional contexts are discussed.

中文翻译：

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男子气概和父亲行为的变化：美国和加拿大的跨国比较

研究继续检查积极父亲行为的障碍和促进因素。研究人员最近讨论的一个领域集中在男性规范遵守与父亲参与之间的关系。然而，尽管各国在性别规范、父亲期望和社会政策方面存在差异，但几乎没有研究这种关系的跨国差异。本研究考虑了美国和加拿大的男性规范遵守与父亲行为之间可能存在的差异——这两个富裕的多民族国家有许多相似之处，但在政策和家庭支持方面存在一些明显差异。使用加拿大 (n = 2057) 和美国 (n = 2207) 父亲的数据，我们的结果表明，加拿大的父亲更热情、更投入、提供更多关怀、并且比他们的美国同行更少使用严厉的纪律。此外，与加拿大父亲相比，美国父亲的男性规范遵守和积极的父亲行为之间的负相关更强。总体而言，我们的研究结果表明社会背景对于理解性别规范如何影响男性养育子女的重要性，因为在两个文化相似的国家，围绕家庭生活的社会政策不同，男性规范和父亲养育之间的关联各不相同。讨论了对两国社会政策和制度背景的影响。我们的研究结果表明，社会背景对于理解性别规范如何塑造男性养育方式的重要性，因为在两个文化相似的国家，围绕家庭生活的社会政策不同，男性规范和父亲之间的关联各不相同。讨论了对两国社会政策和制度背景的影响。我们的研究结果表明，社会背景对于理解性别规范如何塑造男性养育方式的重要性，因为在两个文化相似的国家，围绕家庭生活的社会政策不同，男性规范和父亲之间的关联各不相同。讨论了对两国社会政策和制度背景的影响。