Abstract:This paper surfaces the major contradictions between the “Account of the Han” in the third-century Sanguozhi 三國志 (Records of the Three Kingdoms) and the twelfth-century records of early Silla in the Samguk sagi 三國史記 (History of the Three Kingdoms) with regards to the formation of the Silla kingdom in southeastern Korea during the third and fourth centuries. Archaeological material, specifically grave goods and cemeteries, is then employed to assess the conflicting historical accounts. Analysis of burial customs and tomb styles does suggest that there was a high degree of cultural cohesion evident in the region, which broadly agrees with both the above textual accounts. Nevertheless, the inconsistent adoption of grave construction techniques, differing levels of commitment to a uniform ritual practice between sites, and variable grave good displays attest to a high degree of diversity and the lack of an overarching governmental authority in southeastern Korea. The picture that emerges from the ritual evidence is one of many independent groups with a fundamentally similar cultural grammar. While the archaeology does concur with historians that favor the “Account of the Han” and the Sanguozhi, there are still problems with both texts’ assertions of regional political structures and centralization. And while the two texts may be fundamentally incompatible, there is still potential value in the Samguk sagi’s accounts of Silla’s incipient warfare with neighboring groups.

中文翻译：

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不可靠的叙述：早期新罗的历史和考古方法

摘要：本文揭示了三世纪三国志《三国志》中的《汉记》与十二世纪《三国三国史记》中新罗早期的记载之间的主要矛盾。王国）关于三、四世纪韩国东南部新罗王国的形成。然后使用考古材料，特别是墓地和墓地来评估相互矛盾的历史记载。对墓葬风俗和墓葬风格的分析表明，该地区明显存在高度的文化凝聚力，这与上述两种文字记载大体一致。然而，坟墓建造技术的不一致采用，不同地点对统一仪式实践的承诺程度不同，不同的坟墓展示证明了韩国东南部的高度多样性和缺乏总体政府权力。从仪式证据中浮现的图景是许多具有基本相似文化语法的独立群体之一。虽然考古学确实赞同历史学家支持《汉书》和《三国志》，但这两部文本对地区政治结构和集权的断言仍然存在问题。虽然这两个文本可能从根本上不相容，但 Samguk sagi 对新罗与邻近团体的初期战争的描述仍然具有潜在价值。从仪式证据中浮现的图景是许多具有基本相似文化语法的独立群体之一。虽然考古学确实赞同历史学家支持《汉书》和《三国志》，但这两部文本对地区政治结构和集权的断言仍然存在问题。虽然这两个文本可能从根本上不相容，但 Samguk sagi 对新罗与邻近团体的初期战争的描述仍然具有潜在价值。从仪式证据中浮现的图景是许多具有基本相似文化语法的独立群体之一。虽然考古学确实赞同历史学家支持《汉书》和《三国志》，但这两部文本对地区政治结构和集权的断言仍然存在问题。虽然这两个文本可能从根本上不相容，但 Samguk sagi 对新罗与邻近团体的初期战争的描述仍然具有潜在价值。