The site of Tipon, Peru, located about 30 km east of Cuzco, provides an example of Inka knowledge of hydraulic engineering and the civil engineering practices used in the design and operation of the complex water system. The inhabitants of Tipon used river- and spring-sourced surface and subterranean channels to convey, distribute, and drain water to and from multiple agricultural platforms, reservoirs, and urban ceremonial centers. Intricate intersecting surface and subterranean channel systems that combined and regulated water flows from different sources controlled the water to and drainage from 13 terraced agricultural platforms. This design served to maintain different ground moisture levels to sustain specialty crops. Within the site are fountains and multiple water display features requiring sophisticated hydraulic engineering necessary for aesthetic displays. To understand the technology used by the Inka to design the water systems at Tipon, I used computational fluid dynamics methodology and modern hydraulic engineering theory. I made computer models of key elements of the Principal Fountain and the Main Aqueduct to reproduce water flow patterns in these features as intended by Inka engineers’ designs and calculations. The Inka hydraulic technology used complex engineering principles similar to those in modern civil engineering practice centuries ahead of their formal discovery in Western hydraulic science.

中文翻译：

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Tipon：洞察 Inka 水利工程实践

位于库斯科以东约 30 公里处的秘鲁蒂彭遗址提供了印加人在水利工程方面的知识以及在复杂水系统的设计和运营中使用的土木工程实践的例子。Tipon 的居民使用来自河流和泉水的地表和地下渠道来向多个农业平台、水库和城市仪式中心输送、分配和排放水。复杂的相交的地表和地下通道系统结合并调节了来自不同来源的水流，控制了 13 个梯田农业平台的水和排水。这种设计有助于保持不同的地面湿度水平以维持特种作物。场地内有喷泉和多个水展示功能，需要复杂的水利工程来进行美学展示。为了了解 Inka 用于在 Tipon 设计水系统的技术，我使用了计算流体动力学方法和现代水利工程理论。我制作了主喷泉和主渡槽的关键元素的计算机模型，以重现 Inka 工程师设计和计算所期望的这些特征中的水流模式。Inka 液压技术使用的复杂工程原理与现代土木工程实践中的原理相似，比它们在西方水利科学中的正式发现早了几个世纪。我使用了计算流体动力学方法和现代水利工程理论。我制作了主喷泉和主渡槽的关键元素的计算机模型，以重现 Inka 工程师设计和计算所期望的这些特征中的水流模式。Inka 液压技术使用的复杂工程原理与现代土木工程实践中的原理相似，比它们在西方水利科学中的正式发现早了几个世纪。我使用了计算流体动力学方法和现代水利工程理论。我制作了主喷泉和主渡槽的关键元素的计算机模型，以重现 Inka 工程师设计和计算所期望的这些特征中的水流模式。Inka 液压技术使用的复杂工程原理与现代土木工程实践中的原理相似，比它们在西方水利科学中的正式发现早了几个世纪。