We examined copper production at the archaeological site of El Manchón, located in the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, using archaeological, historical, ethnographic, and materials engineering data. Thirty-six AMS wood charcoal samples from El Manchón, analyzed using Bayseian statistics, date the two domestic sectors of El Manchón from cal AD 1250–1440 (Sector 1) and cal AD 1280–1680 (Sector 3). The smelting sector (Sector 2) contains copper ore and slag and dates to cal AD 1630–1825. Historical sources show that the Spanish had no experience smelting copper metal and were forced to negotiate with indigenous specialists to acquire smelted copper. These specialists provided it in return for tax exemptions and other economic privileges. The indigenous specialists requested iron tools for mining; the Spanish suggested introducing bellows to smelt copper in volume. In the smelting sector we excavated the stone foundations and a slag cake that conform to the dimensions of a hand-powered bellows-driven furnace in which the copper ore was smelted in a circular depression known as acendrada. Thus far, this furnace design has only been excavated at El Manchón. This bellows-powered furnace was likely operated by indigenous Manchón specialists, who probably initially smelted copper using the more ancient blowpipe technology. The dates for the smelting and occupation of El Manchón overlap.

中文翻译：

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格雷罗 El Manchón 考古遗址的铜冶炼：从本土实践到殖民规模生产

我们使用考古学、历史学、人种学和材料工程数据检查了位于格雷罗的 Sierra Madre del Sur 的 El Manchón 考古遗址的铜生产。来自 El Manchón 的 36 个 AMS 木炭样本，使用 Bayseian 统计数据进行分析，确定 El Manchón 的两个国内部门的日期为公元 1250-1440 年（第 1 区）和公元 1280-1680 年（第 3 区）。冶炼部门（部门 2）包含铜矿石和矿渣，可追溯到公元 1630-1825 年。历史资料显示，西班牙人没有冶炼铜金属的经验，被迫与当地专家谈判以获取冶炼铜。这些专家提供它以换取免税和其他经济特权。土著专家要求采矿用铁工具；西班牙人建议引入波纹管来大量冶炼铜。在冶炼部门，我们挖掘了石基和渣饼，其尺寸符合手动波纹管驱动炉的尺寸，其中铜矿石在被称为圆形凹陷的圆形凹陷中冶炼。仙德拉达. 到目前为止，这种熔炉设计仅在 El Manchón 进行了挖掘。这种由波纹管驱动的熔炉很可能是由当地的 Manchón 专家操作的，他们最初可能使用更古老的吹管技术来熔炼铜。El Manchón 的冶炼和占领日期重叠。