The purpose of this study is to investigate the convergence and divergence aspects of the Russian modernisation experience of c.1450–c.1600 and its role in both Russian history and management history.,This study combines in-depth data collection from multiple sources such as Russian Chronicles, eyewitness accounts (mostly by foreigners) and papers in history and management. The applied methodology also includes an examination of Ivan III’s modernisation initiative and its implementation in c.1450–c.1600. The analysis is conducted with an eye to understanding the extent to which Russian experiences converged or diverged from those found in Western Europe.,Russian modernisation is usually associated with Peter the Great. Early initiatives, such as those that occurred in Russia between 1462 (the ascent of Ivan III) and 1606 (the Time of Troubles) are overlooked. This paper, however, argues that without these earlier modernisation efforts Russia would not have survived as a country. Given the central role that Russia has played in European and world history, and understanding of this period is key to comprehending the modern world and global systems of management.,This paper seeks to understand a decisive period in Russian history and Russian management, highlighting the extent to which Russian experiences both diverged and converged with those found in Western Europe.,The paper helps us to understand both the successes and problems of Russian management since the 15th century.,To the best of author’s knowledge, this study is the first to consider Russian modernisation during the period c.1400–c.1600 with an eye to current debates in convergence/divergence theory.

中文翻译：

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俄罗斯管理，1462-1606：一个现代化的故事？

本研究的目的是调查 1450 年至 1600 年俄罗斯现代化经验的趋同和分歧方面及其在俄罗斯历史和管理史上的作用。本研究结合了从多个来源收集的深入数据，例如作为俄罗斯编年史，目击者的叙述（主要是外国人）以及历史和管理方面的论文。所应用的方法还包括对伊万三世的现代化计划及其在 c.1450-c.1600 中的实施的检查。进行分析的目的是了解俄罗斯经验与西欧经验的融合或分歧程度。俄罗斯现代化通常与彼得大帝有关。早期的举措，例如在 1462 年（伊凡三世登基）和 1606 年（动荡时期）之间发生在俄罗斯的那些事件被忽略了。然而，本文认为，如果没有这些早期的现代化努力，俄罗斯就不可能作为一个国家生存下来。鉴于俄罗斯在欧洲和世界历史中扮演的核心角色，了解这一时期是理解现代世界和全球管理体系的关键。本文旨在了解俄罗斯历史和俄罗斯管理中的决定性时期，强调俄罗斯经验与西欧经验的分歧和融合程度。,本文帮助我们了解自 15 世纪以来俄罗斯管理的成功和问题。,据作者所知,