In Chinese some personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns share the same origins because of the conceptual cognitive mappings existing between the personal domain and demonstrative pronoun domain. The traces of such origins can also be found in the Chinese dialects which can be divided into three main categories. There exists a systematic correspondence between first person concept and proximal deixis concept, and between second person concept and distal deixis concept in Mandarin and southeast dialects. Therefore, the second personal pronoun er evolves into na , and the vacancy of the third personal pronoun can only be filled in with other pronouns which have nothing to do with proximal or distal demonstrative pronouns. Because of the mental distance of the referent of the third person concept and the historically later appearance of K series of distal demonstrative pronouns in the southeast dialects, the pronouns of the “other demonstrative” type ta and qi of specific reference similar in sound to the N series and the K series evolve into the third personal pronouns in the two categories of dialects. The concept of the third personal pronoun in northwest dialects corresponds to that of proximal deixis and distal deixis, and because its referent is mentally far, the distal demonstrative pronoun wu/na is used for the third personal pronoun as well. Such mechanism comes from Altaic languages. Probably similar is the evolution mechanism of the proximal demonstrative pronoun yi for the third personal pronoun.

中文翻译：

---

汉语方言中人称代词与指示代词的关系研究

在汉语中，由于人称域和指示代词域之间存在概念认知映射，一些人称代词和指示代词同源。这种起源的痕迹也可以在汉语方言中找到，可以分为三大类。在普通话和东南方言中，第一人称概念与近位指示概念、第二人称概念与远位指示概念之间存在系统的对应关系。因此，第二人称代词 er 演变为 na ，第三人称代词的空缺只能用其他与近端指示代词或远端指示代词无关的代词来填补。由于第三人称概念所指对象的心理距离以及东南方言中K系列末位指示代词在历史上的后期出现，“其他指示”类型的代词ta和特定指代的qi在声音上类似于N系列和K系列演变为两类方言中的第三人称代词。西北方言中第三人称代词的概念与近指代词和远指代词相对应，由于所指代词在精神上较远，故第三人称代词也使用远指代词wu/na。这种机制来自阿尔泰语言。可能类似的是第三人称代词的近端指示代词yi的演变机制。与N系列和K系列发音相似的“其他指示”型ta和qi的特指代词演变为两类方言中的第三人称代词。西北方言中第三人称代词的概念与近指代词和远指代词相对应，由于所指代词在精神上较远，故第三人称代词也使用远指代词wu/na。这种机制来自阿尔泰语言。可能类似的是第三人称代词的近端指示代词yi的演变机制。与N系列和K系列发音相似的“其他指示”型ta和qi的代词演变为两类方言中的第三人称代词。西北方言中第三人称代词的概念与近指代词和远指代词相对应，由于所指代词在精神上较远，故第三人称代词也使用远指代词wu/na。这种机制来自阿尔泰语言。可能类似的是第三人称代词的近端指示代词yi的演变机制。西北方言中第三人称代词的概念与近指代词和远指代词相对应，由于所指代词在精神上较远，故第三人称代词也使用远指代词wu/na。这种机制来自阿尔泰语言。可能类似的是第三人称代词的近端指示代词 yi 的演变机制。西北方言中第三人称代词的概念与近指代词和远指代词相对应，由于所指代词在精神上较远，故第三人称代词也使用远指代词wu/na。这种机制来自阿尔泰语言。可能类似的是第三人称代词的近端指示代词yi的演变机制。