This research examines the likelihood that Panamanian and Colombian banks listed on their respective stock exchanges voluntarily disclose intangible liabilities based on such variables as their size, profitability, indebtedness, age and growth. The presented findings concur with agency theory, signalling theory and the owner-cost theory.,The authors propose a probabilistic model to test the influence of size, profitability, indebtedness, age and growth on the disclosure of intangible liabilities. The dependent variable, the disclosure index, was constructed from a dichotomous approach using Harvey and Lusch's (1999) model, which has 24 characteristics, plus six that we added in our research. These were grouped into four categories: procedures, human activity, information and organisational structure.,Banks in Panama and Colombia with a larger size, higher profitability, lower age and higher growth are more likely to disclose more information about their intangible liabilities. However, indebtedness does not serve as a determinant of the disclosure of these liabilities, even though its relationship is negative.,The limitation of the research was the voluntary disclosure of information about these liabilities on firms' websites.,The contributions of this research are as follows. First, we used an intangible asset disclosure methodology to verify the disclosure of intangible liabilities, in line with Harvey and Lusch's model, as well as providing another six indicators, thereby producing an extended model. Second, being the first empirical research to study the disclosure of intangible liabilities in Panama and Colombia opens a door to future research on this topic.,This research provides a significant practical contribution to society because banks listed on public stock markets, understanding that undisclosed intangible liabilities lead to opportunity costs in their profitability, might tend to disclose more information, thus promoting greater transparency in the market.,The main contribution of this research is applying an intangible asset disclosure methodology to the disclosure of intangible liabilities, following Harvey and Lusch's (1999) model, as well as the creation of an expanded model.

中文翻译：

---

无形负债的披露：巴拿马和哥伦比亚银行业的比较研究

这项研究根据其规模，盈利能力，负债，年龄和增长等变量，研究了在各自证券交易所上市的巴拿马和哥伦比亚银行自愿披露无形负债的可能性。研究结果与代理理论，信号理论和所有者成本理论相吻合。作者提出了一种概率模型，以检验规模，获利能力，债务，年龄和增长对无形负债披露的影响。因变量，即披露指数，是使用Harvey和Lusch（1999）模型通过二分法构造的，具有24个特征，另外还有我们在研究中添加的6个特征。这些分为四类：程序，人类活动，信息和组织结构。巴拿马和哥伦比亚的银行规模较大，盈利能力较高，存续年龄较低且增长较高，则更有可能披露有关其无形负债的更多信息。但是，即使负债之间的关系是负的，债务也不能作为披露这些负债的决定因素。研究的局限性是企业网站上自愿披露有关这些负债的信息。如下。首先，我们采用无形资产披露方法，按照Harvey和Lusch的模型验证无形负债的披露，并提供另外六个指标，从而产生了扩展模型。第二，