Across East Central Europe, World War I and its violent aftermath impacted Jewish perspectives on home and homeland and forced many Jews to reconsider, reformulate, and at times even discard previous beliefs about the idea of national belonging. In Hungary, the White Terror of the early 1920s set off shock waves among the population of mainly urban Hungarian Jews, who until then had imagined themselves relatively safe. As social exclusion entered public and domestic life, it deeply influenced the way Jews imagined themselves at home in postwar Hungary. This article examines the ways in which Jewish women navigated the transitional period between war and peace in Hungary, and asks how the postwar years affected their sense of belonging and notions of home. Apart from being catapulted into public life, how did women navigate the intersection of antisemitism, physical violence, and displacement? How, for instance, did Jewish women react to the influx of Jewish refugees from Galicia, among them many children, who arrived in Budapest in great numbers seeking shelter and aid? Did the displacement of East European Jews affect existing notions of charity and Jewish identity among the women involved in humanitarian aid? And finally, how did war, revolution, and violence change Jewish women’s sense of identity as Hungarian?

中文翻译：

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人道主义遭遇：一战后犹太布达佩斯的慈善与性别

在整个中欧，第一次世界大战及其暴力后果影响了犹太人对家园和家园的看法，迫使许多犹太人重新考虑、重新表述，有时甚至放弃以前关于民族归属感的信念。在匈牙利，1920 年代初期的白色恐怖在以城市的匈牙利犹太人为主的人群中掀起了冲击波，他们在此之前一直认为自己相对安全。随着社会排斥进入公共和家庭生活，它深深影响了犹太人在战后匈牙利想象自己在家的方式。本文考察了犹太妇女如何度过匈牙利战争与和平之间的过渡时期，并询问战后岁月如何影响她们的归属感和家庭观念。除了被推入公共生活，女性如何应对反犹太主义、身体暴力和流离失所的交集？例如，犹太妇女如何应对从加利西亚涌入的犹太难民，其中包括许多儿童，他们大量抵达布达佩斯寻求庇护和援助？东欧犹太人的流离失所是否影响了参与人道主义援助的妇女中现有的慈善观念和犹太人身份？最后，战争、革命和暴力如何改变犹太妇女作为匈牙利人的身份认同感？谁大量抵达布达佩斯寻求庇护和援助？东欧犹太人的流离失所是否影响了参与人道主义援助的妇女中现有的慈善观念和犹太人身份？最后，战争、革命和暴力如何改变犹太妇女作为匈牙利人的身份认同感？谁大量抵达布达佩斯寻求庇护和援助？东欧犹太人的流离失所是否影响了参与人道主义援助的妇女中现有的慈善观念和犹太人身份？最后，战争、革命和暴力如何改变犹太妇女作为匈牙利人的身份认同感？