By conducting a detailed analysis of the diverse evidence of mass rape of Jewish women in Ukraine during the Civil War pogroms, this article explores the impact of gender violence that was employed as a strategic weapon of genocide by pogrom perpetrators. Various accounts of witnesses, humanitarian workers, and medical practitioners suggest that there was a group of victims who demonstrated a similar set of reactions to the traumatic experience of mass rape. Further research established that this unique response is specific to the group of victims solely identified by their exposure to secular education. To discern how exposure to secularism shaped the traumatic experience, this study pursues in-depth analyses of victim narratives as they fall along gender lines. The established gender narrative patterns suggest that the Jewish women were particularly traumatized by the visceral, wild, and carnivalesque nature of the pogrom rape that was tragically juxtaposed against their commonly shared ethical values. Victims exposed to secularism had a more internalized and solitary experience of the gruesome ordeal, and, as a result, demonstrated less coping ability which resulted in a variety of outcomes ranging from acute despair and depression, to suicidal tendencies when the trauma proved unbearable to the victim. The most widespread outcome of pogrom rape among secularized survivors was to escape it by leaving terrible memories behind forever and concealing the traumatic experience.

中文翻译：

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性别暴力：1917-1922 年的乌克兰大屠杀和现代性的挑战

通过对内战大屠杀期间乌克兰大规模强奸犹太妇女的各种证据进行详细分析，本文探讨了被大屠杀肇事者用作种族灭绝战略武器的性别暴力的影响。目击者、人道主义工作者和医生的各种说法表明，有一群受害者对大规模强奸的创伤经历表现出类似的反应。进一步的研究表明，这种独特的反应是专门针对仅通过接受世俗教育而确定的受害者群体的。为了辨别世俗主义如何影响创伤经历，本研究深入分析了受害者的叙述，因为它们属于性别界限。既定的性别叙事模式表明，犹太妇女特别受到大屠杀强奸的本能、狂野和狂欢性质的创伤，这些性质与她们共同的道德价值观悲惨地并列。暴露于世俗主义的受害者对可怕的磨难有更内化和孤独的经历，因此表现出较弱的应对能力，导致各种结果，从急性绝望和抑郁，到当创伤被证明无法忍受时的自杀倾向。受害者。在世俗化幸存者中，大屠杀强奸最普遍的结果是通过永远留下可怕的记忆和隐藏创伤经历来逃避它。大屠杀强奸的狂欢性质与他们共同的道德价值观悲惨地并列在一起。暴露于世俗主义的受害者对可怕的磨难有更内化和孤独的经历，因此表现出较弱的应对能力，导致各种结果，从急性绝望和抑郁，到当创伤被证明无法忍受时的自杀倾向。受害者。在世俗化幸存者中，大屠杀强奸最普遍的结果是通过永远留下可怕的记忆并隐藏创伤经历来逃避它。大屠杀强奸的狂欢性质与他们共同的道德价值观悲惨地并列在一起。暴露于世俗主义的受害者对可怕的磨难有更内化和孤独的经历，因此表现出较弱的应对能力，导致各种结果，从急性绝望和抑郁，到当创伤被证明无法忍受时的自杀倾向。受害者。在世俗化幸存者中，大屠杀强奸最普遍的结果是通过永远留下可怕的记忆和隐藏创伤经历来逃避它。表现出较少的应对能力，导致各种结果，从急性绝望和抑郁，到当创伤证明受害者无法忍受时的自杀倾向。在世俗化幸存者中，大屠杀强奸最普遍的结果是通过永远留下可怕的记忆并隐藏创伤经历来逃避它。表现出较少的应对能力，导致各种结果，从急性绝望和抑郁，到当创伤证明受害者无法忍受时的自杀倾向。在世俗化幸存者中，大屠杀强奸最普遍的结果是通过永远留下可怕的记忆并隐藏创伤经历来逃避它。