Despite the fact that Jewish women statistically outnumbered men in the former market towns of the Soviet Union, the discourse of the “new Jew” in the 1920s and 1930s focused overwhelmingly on the Jewish male and was debated primarily by men. This article explores what the restructuring of the economic base of the shtetl meant for Jewish women during the New Economic Policy and the transition to the Stalin Revolution when party activists and theorists grappled with the “shtetl problem” and the question of Jewish productivization. Utilizing socioeconomic studies, political reports, and ethnographic sketches, it raises questions about the perspectives of the (largely male) observers who documented Jewish women in the former market towns. How did these accounts portray the “female economy” of the shtetl, the role of Jewish women as either facilitators or disruptors of Soviet modernization, and the relative value of women’s productive and reproductive labor at a time of profound social disruption?

中文翻译：

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辛劳的弗罗伊和投机的伊德尼：苏联Shtetl中女性生产化的话语

尽管在前苏联的集镇中，犹太女性在统计上超过男性，但 1920 年代和 1930 年代“新犹太人”的话语绝大多数都集中在犹太男性身上，并且主要由男性进行辩论。本文探讨了在新经济政策和向斯大林革命过渡期间，当政党活动家和理论家努力解决“shtetl 问题”和犹太人生产化问题时，shtetl 经济基础的重组对犹太妇女意味着什么。利用社会经济研究、政治报告和民族志草图，它对记录前集镇的犹太妇女的（主要是男性）观察者的观点提出了质疑。这些账户如何描绘 shtetl 的“女性经济”，