The pulp and paper industry has been the focus of government policies ever since independence. This is the only industry where government plays a multi-dimensional role – not only as the regulator but also as the supplier of raw material and as the buyer. Despite the government's omnipotent role, there is evidence that industry is not very competitive, as it has very high energy and water intensity and poor productivity. A potent factor identified in the literature for the underperformance of the industry or for that matter any economy is the kind of technology used by the firms in the sector. This paper aims to look into the role of government policy in affecting the growth of the industry and what role embodied technology has played in influencing the efficiency of firms in Indian pulp and paper industry.,For the first question, the study uses 66 years of production data of the industry from 1951 to 2016 and tests for the structural break. For the second question, the study uses cross-section plant-level data for the year 2011-2012 of 160 paper manufacturing units to first estimate the stochastic production frontier (stochastic frontier analysis [SFA]) and then uses the output of SFA to find an association between embodied technology gap (TG) and technical efficiency. A methodological problem in earlier literature is the use of the productivity gap as a proxy for embodied TG. The present study uses technical parameters of papermaking – machine deckle and operating speed – to construct an index of TG.,The results show a structural break in the production trend occurring in 1999 with the delicensing in July 1997 as the possible cause. The SFA results show that the average technical inefficiency (TE) of the firms in the sector is 74 per cent with half of the firms having TE higher than 76 per cent. The study, however, does not find any impact of embodied TG on technical efficiency; rather it is the age, size, ownership and location that have an impact on it.,This is an original research, as the author has not come across any study in Indian context or elsewhere using technical parameters to construct TG variable.

中文翻译：

---

结构变化与技术效率：印度制浆造纸业研究

自独立以来，制浆造纸业一直是政府政策的重点。这是唯一一个政府扮演多维角色的行业——不仅作为监管者，而且作为原材料的供应商和买家。尽管政府扮演着无所不能的角色，但有证据表明，工业的竞争力并不强，因为它的能源和水资源强度非常高，而且生产力低下。文献中确定的行业或任何经济体表现不佳的一个有力因素是该行业公司使用的技术类型。本文旨在探讨政府政策在影响行业增长方面的作用以及具体技术在影响印度纸浆和造纸行业企业效率方面的作用。,对于第一个问题，该研究使用了该行业从 1951 年到 2016 年的 66 年生产数据，并对结构断裂进行了测试。对于第二个问题，本研究使用 160 家造纸厂 2011-2012 年的横截面工厂级数据，首先估计随机生产前沿（随机前沿分析 [SFA]），然后使用 SFA 的产出求得体现技术差距 (TG) 与技术效率之间的关联。早期文献中的一个方法论问题是使用生产力差距作为体现 TG 的代理。本研究利用造纸技术参数——机器定格和运行速度——构建了一个TG指标。结果表明，1999年生产趋势出现结构性断裂，可能是1997年7月的脱牌。SFA 结果显示，该行业公司的平均技术低效率 (TE) 为 74%，其中一半的公司的 TE 高于 76%。然而，该研究并未发现隐含 TG 对技术效率的任何影响；而是年龄、规模、所有权和位置对其产生影响。这是一项原创研究，因为作者没有在印度或其他地方遇到任何使用技术参数构建 TG 变量的研究。