As one of the first anti-colonial movements of the twentieth century, the Indian struggle for independence has attracted a vast and rich historiography. Much of this has been focused within the boundaries of India. This article adds a transnational dimension by examining Indian anti-colonial activism in exile. The experience of political exile, both voluntary and involuntary, provides insight into the international dimensions of radical politics. This article tells the story of some of these exiled revolutionaries, looking at radical Indian nationalists in London (1905–10); the emergence of the Ghadar movement in the United States (from 1914); and the early career of anti-colonial revolutionary M. N. Roy (1917–19). It gauges the impact of global events including the First World War and the Bolshevik revolution on the thoughts, ideas, movements, collaborations and confrontations of these actors.

中文翻译：

---

来自印度的文章：流亡中的印度反殖民激进主义，1905-20

作为二十世纪最早的反殖民运动之一，印度争取独立的斗争吸引了大量丰富的史料。其中大部分都集中在印度境内。本文通过考察印度流亡中的反殖民激进主义，增加了一个跨国维度。自愿和非自愿的政治流亡经历提供了对激进政治的国际层面的洞察。这篇文章讲述了其中一些流亡革命者的故事，审视伦敦的激进印度民族主义者（1905-10 年）；美国 Ghadar 运动的出现（从 1914 年开始）；以及反殖民革命者 MN Roy (1917-19) 的早期职业生涯。它衡量包括第一次世界大战和布尔什维克革命在内的全球事件对思想、思想、运动、