I. How Do You Solve a Problem like Caerellia? In a pair of letters to Atticus from late June and early July 45 BCE, Cicero complains about what is usually considered to be a decidedly modern problem: the unauthorized circulation of media on a peer-to-peer network. At the start of the first of these letters to Atticus, whom he blames for this 'leak,' Cicero writes: die mihi, placetne tibi primum edere iniussu meo? hoc ne Hermodorus quidem faciebat, is qui Platonis libros solitus est divulgare, ex quo '[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII].' quid illud? rectumne existimas cuiquam Bruto, cui te auctore [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]? scripsit enim Balbus ad me se a te quintum de finibus librum descripsisse; in quo non sane multa mutavi, sed tamen quaedam. tu autem commode feceris si reliquos continueris, ne et [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] habeat Balbus et '[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] Brutus, sed haec hactenus, ne videar [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]. etsi nunc quidem maxima mihi sunt haec. ... quo modo autem fugit me tibi dicere? mirifice Caerellia studio videlicet philosophiae flagrans describit a tuis: istos ipsos de finibus habet. ego autem tibi confirmo (possum falli ut homo) a meis earn non habere; numquam enim ab oculis meis afuerunt. tantum porro aberat ut binos scriberent, vix singulos confecerunt. tuorum tamen ego nullum delictum arbitrar itemque te volo existimare; a me enim praetermissum est ut dicerem me eos exire nondum velle. hui, quam diu de nugis! de re enim nihil habeo quod loquar. (Att. 13.21a.1-2 = 327 SB) Tell me, in the first place, do you think it right to publish without my consent? Not even Hermodorus used to do that, a man who was accustomed to circulate Plato's books, from where the phrase comes, "Hermodorus trades in tracts." What of this: Do you think it appropriate to give a copy of this text to anyone before Brutus, to whom I dedicated it at your suggestion? Balbus wrote me that he had obtained from you a copy of Book 5 of On Divine Ends. In this book, I didn't make many changes, to be sure, but nevertheless a few. You, however, will do well if you keep a lid on the other books, lest Balbus has an unrevised copy and Brutus a stale one. But enough about these affairs, lest I seem to make a big deal of small things, although they do appear all-important to me at this moment ... How did it escape me to tell you? Caerellia, evidently inflamed wondrously by her passion for philosophy, makes copies from yours; she has On Moral Ends in its entirety. I guarantee this to you--I am human, however, and can be mistaken-that she does not have them from mine. For never were they absent from my eyes; so far from my men having made two copies, they scarcely completed one copy of each book. Nevertheless, I do not think that any wrong was committed by your men and I wish you to think likewise; for I neglected to say that I did not wish these to go public yet. Dear me, how long about nonsense! For I have nothing to say about business. (1) De finibus was, at this time, Cicero's latest philosophical treatise, a five-book examination of the moral philosophies, that is, the ethical ends, of the various ancient schools. (2) It remains an important source for the ancient discourse on ethics. (3) As for the two people who acquired copies of this treatise before Cicero could present Brutus, the dedicatee, with a copy, our knowledge varies considerably. L. Cornelius Balbus is well known to historians: he was a provincial from Gades in Spain who gained Roman citizenship and rose to great heights in Rome, eventually becoming the first naturalized civis to attain the consulship, which he did in 40 BCE. (4) At this point in time, Balbus was, in addition to being Caesar's chief financial agent along with Oppius, one of the dictator's most important counselors, even if his actual role is somewhat opaque. …

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西塞罗的文本关系：定义的性别循环

一、你如何解决像Caerellia这样的问题？在公元前 45 年 6 月下旬和 7 月上旬写给阿蒂克斯的两封信中，西塞罗抱怨通常被认为是一个明显的现代问题：点对点网络上未经授权的媒体流通。西塞罗在写给阿蒂克斯的第一封信的开头写道，他将这次“泄漏”归咎于他：die mihi, placetne tibi primum edere iniussu meo? hoc ne Hermodorus quidem faciebat, is qui Platonis libros solitus est divulgare, ex quo '[文本不能在 ASCII 中重现]。quid llud？rectumne existimas cuiquam Bruto, cui te auctore [文本不能在 ASCII 中重现]？scripsit enim Balbus ad me se a te quintum de finibus librum descripsisse; in quo non sane multa mutavi, sed tamen quaedam。tu autem commode feceris si reliquos continueris, ne et [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] habeat Balbus et '[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] Brutus, sed haec hactenus, ne videar [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]。etsi nunc quidem maxima mihi sunt haec。... quo modo autem fugit me tibi dicere？mirifice Caerellia studio videlicet philosophiae flagrans 描述了一个 tuis：istos ipsos de finibus habet。ego autem tibi confirmo (possum falli ut homo) numquam enim ab oculus meis afuerunt。tantum porro aberat ut binos scriberent, vix singulos confecerunt。tuorum tamen ego nullum delictum delictumarbitr itemque te voloexistimare；a me enim praetermissum est ut dicerem me eos exire nondum velle。hui, quam diu de nugis！de re enim nihil habeo quod loquar。(Att. 13.21a.1-2 = 327 SB) 首先告诉我，你认为未经我同意就发表是对的吗？甚至 Hermodorus 过去也不会这样做，一个习惯于传播柏拉图书籍的人，“赫莫多罗斯以小册子交易”这句话的来源。这又如何呢：你认为在布鲁图斯之前的任何人都可以得到这份文本的副本，我根据你的建议把它献给了他们？巴尔布斯写信给我说他从你那里得到了一本《神圣的结局》第 5 册的副本。在这本书中，我没有做太多改动，当然，但还是做了一些改动。然而，如果你对其他书籍保持沉默，你会做得很好，以免巴尔巴斯有一本未修改的副本而布鲁图斯有一本过时的书。不过这些事情就够了，免得我好像把小事搞大了，虽然此刻它们对我来说确实很重要……我怎么没告诉你？油菜花，显然她对哲学的热情非常激动，从你的那里复制；她有完整的道德目的。我向你保证——然而，我是人类，并且可能会被误解——她没有我的。因为他们从来没有离开过我的眼睛；到目前为止，我的手下已经复印了两本，他们几乎每本书都完成了一本。尽管如此，我不认为你的人犯了任何错误，我希望你也这么想；因为我忽略了说我不希望这些公开。亲爱的，废话多久了！因为我对商业无话可说。(1) Definibus 是此时西塞罗最新的哲学论文，对各种古代学派的道德哲学，即伦理目的的五本书审查。(2) 它仍然是古代伦理话语的重要来源。(3) 至于在西塞罗向献身者布鲁图斯提供一份副本之前获得该论文副本的两个人，我们的知识差异很大。L. Cornelius Balbus 为历史学家所熟知：他是来自西班牙 Gades 的一个外省人，他获得了罗马公民身份并在罗马崛起，最终成为第一位获得执政官职位的归化公民，他在公元前 40 年做到了这一点。(4) 此时，巴尔布斯除了与奥皮乌斯一起担任凯撒的首席财务代理人外，还是独裁者最重要的顾问之一，即使他的实际角色有些不透明。… 我们的知识差异很大。L. Cornelius Balbus 为历史学家所熟知：他是来自西班牙 Gades 的一个外省人，他获得了罗马公民身份并在罗马崛起，最终成为第一位获得执政官职位的归化公民，他在公元前 40 年做到了这一点。(4) 此时，巴尔布斯除了与奥皮乌斯一起担任凯撒的首席财务代理人外，还是独裁者最重要的顾问之一，即使他的实际角色有些不透明。… 我们的知识差异很大。L. Cornelius Balbus 为历史学家所熟知：他是来自西班牙 Gades 的一个外省人，他获得了罗马公民身份并在罗马崛起，最终成为第一位获得执政官职位的归化公民，他在公元前 40 年做到了这一点。(4) 此时，巴尔布斯除了与奥皮乌斯一起担任凯撒的首席财务代理人外，还是独裁者最重要的顾问之一，即使他的实际角色有些不透明。… 首席财务代理人与独裁者最重要的顾问之一奥皮乌斯一起，即使他的实际角色有些不透明。… 首席财务代理人与独裁者最重要的顾问之一奥皮乌斯一起，即使他的实际角色有些不透明。…