This article analyses the practices of violence during strikes in Habsburg Austria from the 1890s until the outbreak of the First World War. As the number of social conflicts rose at the turn of the century, strikes increasingly became one of the main sites of public violence in Austrian society, alongside demonstrations. Violent confrontations between strikers, strike-breakers, and the state forces protecting them frequently occurred. The first section discusses the state repression used to quell internal unrest and its consequences on the rule of law. The following sections explore the micro-dynamics of strikebreaking within the larger context of the reaction against Social Democracy in the period. Especially after the successful mobilization for suffrage reform in 1905–906, employers and other propertied classes saw strikers as part of a general threat. The Czech and German nationalist workers’ movements can also be reassessed through the lens of these social conflicts, rather than only as manifestations of radical nationalism. Strikes are here analysed as one case study addressing current debates in the historiography on the Habsburg Empire: first on the implementation of the rule of law on the ground in Habsburg Austria, then on the impact of democratization in the decades before 1914.

中文翻译：

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社会冲突、民族冲突还是政治斗争？奥地利哈布斯堡王朝晚期的暴力和罢工

本文分析了从 1890 年代到第一次世界大战爆发期间奥地利哈布斯堡罢工期间的暴力行为。随着世纪之交社会冲突数量的增加，罢工与示威一起日益成为奥地利社会公共暴力的主要场所之一。罢工者、罢工破坏者和保护他们的国家力量之间经常发生暴力冲突。第一部分讨论用于平息国内动乱的国家镇压及其对法治的影响。以下部分探讨了在该时期反对社会民主主义的更大背景下罢工的微观动力。特别是在 1905-906 年成功动员选举权改革之后，雇主和其他有产阶级将罢工视为普遍威胁的一部分。捷克和德国的民族主义工人运动也可以通过这些社会冲突的镜头重新评估，而不仅仅是作为激进民族主义的表现。罢工在这里被分析为一个案例研究，以解决当前关于哈布斯堡帝国史学的争论：首先是关于奥地利哈布斯堡王朝的法治实施，然后是 1914 年之前几十年民主化的影响。