Abstract This article investigates the policing measures of the Habsburg Empire against the exiled defeated revolutionaries in the Mediterranean after the 1848–1849 revolutions. The examination of this counter-revolutionary policy reveals the pioneering role Austria played in international policing. It shows, in particular, that Vienna invested more heavily in policing in the Mediterranean after 1848 than it did in other regions, such as Western Europe, due to the multitude of ‘Forty-Eighters’ settled there and the alleged inadequacy of the local polities (e.g., the Ottoman Empire, Greece) to satisfactorily deal with the refugee question themselves. The article explains that Austria made use of a wide array of both official and unofficial techniques to contain these allegedly dangerous political dissidents. These methods ranged from official police collaboration with Greece and the Ottoman Empire to more subtle regional information exchanges with Naples and Russia. However, they also included purely unilateral methods exercised by the Austrian consuls, Austrian Lloyd sailors and ship captains, and ad hoc recruited secret agents to monitor the émigrés at large. Overall, the article argues that Austrian policymakers in the aftermath of 1848 invented new policing formulas and reshaped different pre-existing institutions (e.g., consuls, Austrian Lloyd), channelling them against their opponents in exile. Therefore, apart from surveying early modes of international policing, this study also adds to the discussion about Austrian (and European) state-building and, furthermore, to the more specific discussion of how European states dealt with political dissidents abroad in the nineteenth century.

中文翻译：

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1848-1849 年革命后的跨国警务：地中海的哈布斯堡帝国

摘要 本文调查了哈布斯堡帝国在 1848 年至 1849 年革命后对地中海流亡失败的革命者的警务措施。对这一反革命政策的考察揭示了奥地利在国际警务中发挥的先锋作用。它特别表明，维也纳在 1848 年之后在地中海的警务上投入比在西欧等其他地区更多，原因是“四十八人”在那里定居，而且地方政体据称不足（例如，奥斯曼帝国、希腊）自己满意地处理难民问题。文章解释说，奥地利使用了广泛的官方和非官方手段来遏制这些据称是危险的政治异见人士。这些方法的范围从与希腊和奥斯曼帝国的官方警察合作到与那不勒斯和俄罗斯的更微妙的区域信息交流。然而，它们也包括奥地利领事、奥地利劳埃德水手和船长采用的纯单方面方法，以及专门招募的秘密特工来监视在逃者。总的来说，这篇文章认为，奥地利政策制定者在 1848 年之后发明了新的警务公式并重塑了不同的先前存在的机构（例如，领事、奥地利劳埃德），引导他们对抗流亡的对手。因此，除了调查国际警务的早期模式外，本研究还增加了对奥地利（和欧洲）国家建设的讨论，此外，