In the field of the history of nationalisms and national identities, Spain has become a laboratory for experiments that do not cease to multiply and diversify. There are good reasons for this, since the so-called national question has constituted one of the principal political problems of the country since the end of the nineteenth century, when, in response to the centralized state that had been constructed by liberals on the basis of a single nation, that of Spain, alternative nationalist movements arose – in Catalonia and the Basque Country, and later in Galicia and other areas – that challenged its configuration and structure. In recent years, this challenge has generated a political crisis of major proportions, in which Catalan nationalists have broken with the Spanish constitutional order to seek to achieve their independence, for the moment unsuccessfully. Hence it is no surprise that historians have devoted attention to the issue, in the form of a growing academic literature that has attained a high degree of sophistication and, incorporating international tendencies in historiography, presents debates of great interest for scholars throughout the world, and in particular for experts on the history of Europe. The growth and consolidation of historical studies on contemporary Spain, visible since the 1960s and above all since the end of the dictatorship of Francisco Franco and the arrival of a democratic public arena in the 1970s, has brought these territorial questions centre-stage. In a first phase there was a proliferation of studies on the sub-state or peripheral nationalisms, which had played a leading role with the left in opposition to the dictatorship and were favoured by the climate that accompanied the development of a decentralized state as designed by the Constitution of 1978, in which each of the autonomous communities created under the umbrella of the latter sought to reinforce its own identity through the cultivation of its own particular history.

中文翻译：

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简介：从草根走近西班牙的民族认同

在民族主义和民族认同的历史领域，西班牙已成为不断繁殖和多样化实验的实验室。这是有充分理由的，因为所谓的民族问题自 19 世纪末以来就构成了该国的主要政治问题之一，当时，为了回应自由派在此基础上构建的中央集权国家作为一个单一的国家，即西班牙，出现了另类民族主义运动——在加泰罗尼亚和巴斯克地区，后来在加利西亚和其他地区——挑战了它的配置和结构。近年来，这一挑战引发了一场大规模的政治危机，其中加泰罗尼亚民族主义者与西班牙宪法秩序决裂，寻求实现独立，暂时没有成功。因此，毫不奇怪，历史学家以越来越多的学术文献的形式关注这个问题，这些文献已经达到了高度的复杂性，并在史学中融入了国际趋势，为全世界的学者提出了非常感兴趣的辩论，并且特别是对于欧洲历史的专家。自 1960 年代以来，尤其是自弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥独裁统治结束和 1970 年代民主公共舞台的到来以来，当代西班牙历史研究的增长和巩固已经将这些领土问题带到了中心舞台。在第一阶段，对次国家或边缘民族主义的研究激增，