The very first Article of the 1931 Spanish constitution declared ‘Spain is a democratic republic of workers of all classes’ and that ‘The powers of all its organs derive from the People’. But who were those workers, those People? This populist nationalism was key in legitimizing the Second Spanish Republic and in many of its political and cultural projects, but the state did not develop a clear image of the people. This should come as no surprise, since the ‘People’ was a contested concept in the 1930s, appropriated by different political parties and groups. How were Spaniards supposed to visualize themselves then? Who embodied the Spanish nation in the 1930s, and how was it represented? In this article, I show how different social actors – the state, photographers, the illustrated press – developed varying images of the ‘People’, focused either on the rural population or urban dwellers, who were supposed to play an important role in defining the new Republican nation. These photographic representations offer a window on to the complexities of the intersection between nationalism, populism, and social and political conflict in 1930s Spain, and how the nation was built through printed culture.

中文翻译：

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印刷“人民”：民粹主义、摄影和西班牙共和国家（1931-1936）

1931 年西班牙宪法的第一条宣布“西班牙是所有阶级工人的民主共和国”，并且“其所有机关的权力都来自人民”。但那些工人，那些人是谁？这种民粹主义民族主义是西班牙第二共和国及其许多政治和文化项目合法化的关键，但国家并没有形成清晰的人民形象。这应该不足为奇，因为“人民”在 1930 年代是一个有争议的概念，被不同的政党和团体占用。那时西班牙人应该如何想象自己？谁体现了 1930 年代的西班牙民族，它又是如何体现的？在这篇文章中，我展示了不同的社会角色——国家、摄影师、插图媒体——是如何发展出不同的“人民”形象的，要么关注农村人口，要么关注城市居民，他们应该在定义新的共和党国家方面发挥重要作用。这些摄影作品为了解 1930 年代西班牙的民族主义、民粹主义以及社会和政治冲突之间的复杂性，以及这个国家是如何通过印刷文化建立起来的提供了一个窗口。