Meaning has traditionally been regarded as a problem for philosophers and psychologists. Advances in cognitive science since the early 1960s, however, broadened discussions of meaning, or more technically, the semantics of perceptions, representations, and/or actions, into biology and computer science. Here, we review the notion of “meaning” as it applies to living systems, and argue that the question of how living systems create meaning unifies the biological and cognitive sciences across both organizational and temporal scales.

中文翻译：

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生命系统如何创造意义？

传统上，意义一直被哲学家和心理学家视为问题。然而，自1960年代初期以来，认知科学的进步将意义（或更确切地说是技术上的理解，表述和/或动作的语义）的讨论扩展到了生物学和计算机科学。在这里，我们回顾了适用于生命系统的“意义”的概念，并指出生命系统如何创造意义的问题统一了组织和时间尺度上的生物学和认知科学。