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Persistence of tropical herbivores in temperate reefs constrains kelp resilience to cryptic habitats
Journal of Ecology ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-11 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13621 S. Zarco‐Perello 1 , N.E. Bosch 1 , S. Bennett 2, 3 , M.A. Vanderklift 4 , T. Wernberg 1
中文翻译：
温带珊瑚礁中热带食草动物的持久性限制了海带对隐蔽生境的适应力
更新日期：2021-02-11
Journal of Ecology ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-11 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13621 S. Zarco‐Perello 1 , N.E. Bosch 1 , S. Bennett 2, 3 , M.A. Vanderklift 4 , T. Wernberg 1
Affiliation
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- Global warming is facilitating the range expansion of tropical herbivores, causing a tropicalization of temperate marine ecosystems, where tropical herbivores can suppress habitat‐forming macrophytes, supporting the resilience of canopy‐free ecosystem states. However, currently we lack a thorough understanding of the mechanisms that, on one hand, support the persistence of tropical herbivores and on the other support the recovery of temperate foundation species in tropicalized ecosystems, a required knowledge to predict potential regime shifts and reversals to the baseline state of the ecosystem.
- This study tested processes behind the persistence of the tropicalization of temperate reefs which experienced a complete loss of their kelp forests and an influx of tropical herbivores following a marine heatwave in 2011. For this, we assessed the feedback mechanisms that maintain turf‐dominated states (recruitment of tropical herbivores, browsing and grazing rates and turf cover) and those that resist it (kelp recruitment, survival and reproductiveness).
- We found that the reefs remained tropicalized with high abundances of turf and tropical herbivores after 9 years from the regime shift. The rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens and the chub Kyphosus bigibbus were the most important herbivores whose persistence was supported by the adjacent reef lagoon, where seagrass meadows and the backreef habitats hosted juveniles of both species, particularly rabbitfish. Tropical herbivores exerted a strong top–down control on turf seaweed and kelp during herbivory assays, rapidly consuming kelp individuals in open areas. However, in topographical refuges in the reefs, herbivory was low and kelp individuals survived, with some having reproductive tissue.
- Synthesis. Our findings incorporate the importance of nursery grounds for tropical herbivores and herbivory refugia for kelp individuals into the tropicalization model, where the former increases the resilience of canopy‐free states and the latter might facilitate recovering kelp populations. The restoration of abundant warm‐resistant kelp populations in shelters could provide local sources of propagules to recolonize open spaces; however, our results suggest that the reduction of herbivory and the provision of turf‐free substratum would be necessary to boost the recovery of kelp forests.
中文翻译：
温带珊瑚礁中热带食草动物的持久性限制了海带对隐蔽生境的适应力
- 全球变暖正在促进热带食草动物的范围扩展，导致温带海洋生态系统热带化，热带食草动物可以抑制生境形成的大型植物，从而支持无冠生态系统状态的复原力。但是，目前，我们对这种机制缺乏透彻的了解，一方面，这种机制支持热带食草动物的持久性，另一方面支持热带化生态系统中温带基础物种的恢复，这是预测潜在的政权转移和向热带森林逆转的必要知识。生态系统的基线状态。
- 这项研究测试了2011年海洋热浪后温带礁石的热带化的持久性背后的过程，这些海带礁石的海带森林完全丧失，热带草食动物大量涌入。为此，我们评估了维持草皮主导状态的反馈机制（热带草食动物的招募，浏览率和放牧率以及草皮的覆盖率和抵抗力（海藻的招募，生存和繁殖）。
- 我们发现，从政权移交9年后，珊瑚礁仍保持着热带化，并伴有大量草皮和热带草食动物。该篮子鱼蓝子fuscescens和鲢鱼Kyphosus bigibbus是最重要的食草动物，其持久性是由相邻礁泻湖，其中海草场和礁栖息地主持这两个物种，特别是篮子鱼幼鱼的支持。在食草试验期间，热带食草动物对草皮海藻和海带施加了强烈的自上而下的控制，在空旷地区迅速消耗了海带个体。但是，在珊瑚礁的地形避难所中，草食性很低，海带个体得以幸存，其中一些具有生殖组织。
- 综合。我们的研究结果将热带食草动物的育苗场和海带个体的食草避难所的重要性纳入了热带化模型，其中前者增加了无冠层状态的适应力，而后者可能有助于恢复海带种群。庇护所中大量耐热海带种群的恢复可以提供当地繁殖体来重新定殖开放空间；但是，我们的结果表明，减少草食和提供无草皮基质对于促进海带森林的恢复将是必要的。
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