Phenology changes are increasingly recognized as a common response of species to ongoing global change. Phenology can be influenced by environmental cues that impact the initiation or duration of life history events as well as intrinsic organismal traits that may affect how different species respond to such environmental cues. Despite the importance of phenology for biodiversity conservation as demonstrated by terrestrial and marine research, freshwater phenology is understudied. Therefore, we conducted a literature review on freshwater phenology research to summarize the spatial, taxonomic and temporal biases of studies; as well as relationships between phenology metrics, environmental cues and intrinsic species traits studied in these systems. We find that phenology research in freshwaters may be limited by a lack of long-term time-series data, especially in lotic habitats. Phenology metrics studied differed between lotic and lentic habitats, with limnological research focused on planktonic population growth whereas macroinvertebrate emergence and fish spawning seasons are the most frequently studied aspects of phenology in streams and rivers. Across habitats, temperature is the most investigated environmental cue, with additional research attention to resources and hydrology in influencing phenology events in lentic and lotic environments, respectively. Knowledge gaps in contemporary freshwater phenology research include relationships between phenology and environmental cues in tropical systems, understanding of non-salmonid fish phenology and testing hypotheses related to intrinsic traits. We recommend that future research broaden the biological, spatial and temporal scales of phenology studies in these systems, and make use of novel data sources, methods and technologies to address contemporary research gaps.

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淡水物候学：对未来研究的回顾和建议

物候变化越来越被认为是物种对持续全球变化的共同反应。物候学可能受到影响生命史事件的开始或持续时间的环境线索以及可能影响不同物种如何对这些环境线索作出反应的内在生物特征的影响。尽管陆地和海洋研究表明物候学对生物多样性保护很重要，但淡水物候学研究不足。因此，我们对淡水物候学研究进行了文献综述，总结了研究的空间、分类和时间偏差；以及在这些系统中研究的物候指标、环境线索和内在物种特征之间的关系。我们发现淡水的物候研究可能受到缺乏长期时间序列数据的限制，尤其是在洗礼的栖息地。研究的物候学指标在流动生境和静息生境之间存在差异，湖沼学研究侧重于浮游种群增长，而大型无脊椎动物的出现和鱼类产卵季节是溪流和河流中物候学研究最频繁的方面。在整个生境中，温度是研究最多的环境线索，另外的研究关注分别是资源和水文在静息和流动环境中影响物候事件。当代淡水物候学研究中的知识空白包括热带系统中物候学与环境线索之间的关系、对非鲑鱼物候学的理解以及与内在性状相关的检验假设。我们建议未来的研究拓宽生物学、