The Harmancık Basin, in the north-easternmost Miocene graben in western Anatolia, hosts a 12.6-m-thick coal seam located in the Keles coalfield, in which coals are being exploited by open-cast mining methods. Syngenetic clinoptilolite/heulandite-type zeolite formation in the upper part of coal seam and carbonaceous clayey diatomite as a roof rock have been identified for the first time, and the palaeoenviromental reconstruction of the coal seam was conducted using a multidisciplinary approach. The coal facies and palynological data show that vegetation and depositional changes took place during the middle Miocene, which resulted in vertical variations in elemental and mineralogical compositions. During the initial stages of mire development woody vegetation (e.g. pollen with affinity to Cupressaceae) prevailed, telmatic conditions were common, and preservation of organic matter was high due to anoxic conditions. Thus, relatively low-ash yield was observed in the lower and middle parts of the coal seam. Furthermore, the presence of kaolinite and smectite-type clay mineral aggregates in these parts of the coal seam suggests that alteration of synchronous volcanic inputs took place under weak acidic to neutral conditions. In contrast, limnotelmatic conditions prevailed during the late stages of peat-accumulation, and macrophytes coinciding with herbaceous peat-forming vegetation (e.g. Osmundaceae, Polypodiaceae, and Nymphaeaceae) were dominant. The elevated Gelification Index (GI) values in the uppermost parts of the coal seam could be related to development of alkaline conditions in the palaeomires, which also caused formation of syngenetic clinoptilolite/heulandite-type zeolite from the alkaline activations of synchronous volcanic inputs. Even though palynological data points to the prevalence of freshwater conditions during peat-accumulation, B enrichments along Sr/Ba ratio higher than 1.0 could point to possible marine influence; however, no Neogene marine deposits have been identified in the Harmacik Basin. Nevertheless, the SEM-EDX data show the presence of traceable Ba and Sr in clinoptilolite/heulandite grains, and Sr-bearing barite around feldspar grains in the studied samples from the upper parts of the coal seam. This implies K-feldspars and K-rich alkali-feldspars, derived from synchronous volcanic ash fall, altered under alkaline conditions. Moreover, alginite proportions increased towards the upper parts of the seam, while relatively high Hydrogen Index (HI) values were reached in the uppermost part of coal seam and carbonaceous clayey diatomite roof-rock sample. Furthermore, palynolgical data imply that vegetation changes towards the roof of the coal seam reflect the progressive development of more humid conditions and nutrient-rich surface waters, which favoured increased algal activity.

位于安纳托利亚西部最中新世东北的哈曼切克盆地拥有一个位于Keles煤田的厚度为12.6米的煤层，该煤层已通过露天开采的方法开采。首次确定了煤层上部的同质斜发沸石/赤铁矿型沸石的形成以及以碳质粘土硅藻土为顶板的岩石，并采用多学科方法对煤层进行了古环境重建。煤相和孢粉学数据表明，中新世中期发生了植被和沉积变化，这导致了元素和矿物组成的垂直变化。在泥潭发展的最初阶段，木质植被（例如与柏科有亲和力的花粉）盛行，遥遥条件普遍，由于缺氧条件，有机物的保存率很高。因此，在煤层的下部和中部观察到较低的灰分产率。此外，在煤层的这些部分中存在高岭石和蒙脱石型粘土矿物聚集体，这表明同步火山输入的改变是在弱酸性至中性条件下发生的。相比之下，泥炭积累的后期主要是边缘化条件，与草皮形成泥炭的植被（例如夹竹桃科，Polypodiaceae和Nymphaeaceae）重合的大型植物。煤层最上部的胶凝指数（GI）升高可能与古土壤中碱性条件的发展有关，这也引起了同步火山岩输入的碱性活化作用，形成了同质斜发沸石/赤铁矿型沸石。即使孢粉学数据表明泥炭积累过程中淡水条件普遍存在，但沿Sr / Ba比值大于1.0的B富集可能表明可能对海洋产生影响。但是，在Harmacik盆地中尚未发现新近纪的海洋沉积物。尽管如此，SEM-EDX数据显示，在煤层上部的研究样品中，斜发沸石/赤铁矿晶粒中存在可追溯的Ba和Sr，长石晶粒周围的长石晶粒周围含有Sr的重晶石。这意味着源自同步火山灰沉降的钾长石和富含钾的碱长石在碱性条件下会发生变化。此外，褐煤的比例在煤层上部增加，而在煤层和碳质黏土硅藻土屋顶岩石样品的最上部达到了较高的氢指数（HI）值。此外，古地理数据表明，朝向煤层顶板的植被变化反映了更多的潮湿条件和营养丰富的地表水的逐步发展，这有利于藻类活动的增加。