Surface-attached nanobubbles are spherical cap–shaped gas bubbles that remain stable in size in saturated liquids. Their positional stability resulted in a manifold of experimental techniques to record their topography, softness, and chemical composition. Here, we summarize these techniques and how to distinguish them from nongaseous objects commonly found on surfaces in contact with liquids.

中文翻译：

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识别表面附着的纳米气泡

表面附着的纳米气泡是球形帽状气泡，在饱和液体中尺寸保持稳定。它们的位置稳定性导致了各种各样的实验技术来记录其形貌，柔软度和化学成分。在这里，我们总结了这些技术以及如何将其与通常在与液体接触的表面上发现的非气态物体区分开来。