Previous studies often use Hispanic non-citizens as a proxy to identify undocumented immigrants in survey data. This paper compares the ethnicity proxy with the residual method in identifying undocumented immigrants regarding two aspects: how closely they match official statistics and how they differ when evaluating the effects of the state-level DREAM Acts and DACA on college enrollment and labor market outcomes. This study finds that the residual method outperforms the Hispanic non-citizen proxy in matching the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services statistics of undocumented immigrants for a majority of variables. Consistent with the previous literature, results from both methods find that the state-level DREAM Acts increase college enrollment, while DACA decreases college enrollment and increases the probability of working. The residual method produces policy effect estimates in the same direction as does the Hispanic non-citizen proxy approach, but larger in magnitude for DACA.

中文翻译：

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比较种族代理法和残差法：适用于州级梦想法案和 DACA

以前的研究经常使用西班牙裔非公民作为代理来识别调查数据中的无证移民。本文在两个方面比较了种族代理和残差方法来识别无证移民：它们与官方统计数据的匹配程度以及它们在评估州级梦想法案和 DACA 对大学入学率和劳动力市场结果的影响时有何不同。本研究发现，残差法在匹配美国公民和移民服务局对大多数变量的无证移民统计数据方面优于西班牙裔非公民代理。与之前的文献一致，两种方法的结果都发现，州级 DREAM Acts 增加了大学入学率，而 DACA 减少了大学入学率并增加了工作的可能性。