In the face of escalating conflicts or atrocities, international organizations (IOs), alongside non-governmental organizations (NGOs), often vocalize public condemnation. Researchers have examined NGO shaming, but no extant literature has comparatively explored if, how and why IOs shame. This article fills this gap. We conceptualize IO shaming as condemnatory speech acts and distinguish between the agent, targets and actions of shaming. We theorize how compliance and socialization are motives that lead IOs to shame. Empirically, we use new data on more than 3000 instances of IO shaming, covering 27 organizations between 1980 and 2015 to examine empirical patterns across the three dimensions of agents, targets and actions. We find that the majority of IOs do employ shaming but to varying degrees. Global, general-purpose IOs shame the most and regional, task-specific IOs the least. IOs mainly shame states, but there is a rise in the targeting of non-state and unnamed actors. While many condemned acts relate to human rights and security issues, IOs shame actions across the policy spectrum. These findings indicate that IO shaming is driven by compliance and socialization motives and that it is a wider phenomenon than previously recognized, suggesting possible avenues for further inquiry.

中文翻译：

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国际组织的耻辱感：绘制1980-2015年间27个国际组织的谴责言论行为

面对不断升级的冲突或暴行，国际组织（IOs）与非政府组织（NGOs）经常引起公众谴责。研究人员已经研究了NGO的羞耻感，但是没有现有文献相对比较地探讨IOs是否，如何以及为什么感到羞耻。本文填补了这一空白。我们将IO羞辱概念化为谴责性言语行为，并区分了羞辱的主体，目标和行为。我们对合规性和社会化如何导致IO感到羞耻的动机进行了理论分析。从经验上讲，我们使用有关IO羞辱的3000多个实例的新数据，涵盖1980年至2015年之间的27个组织，以研究代理，目标和行动三个维度的经验模式。我们发现，大多数IO确实采用了着色，但是程度不同。全球的，通用IO蒙羞最多，而区域性特定任务IO蒙羞最少。IO通常使国家感到羞耻，但针对非国家和未具名行动者的目标有所增加。尽管许多谴责的行为与人权和安全问题有关，但IO却羞辱了整个政策领域的行为。这些发现表明，IO羞辱是由合规性和社会化动机驱动的，并且它是一种比以前认识到的现象更广泛的现象，这为进一步的研究提供了可能的途径。