This paper aims to examine political, ecclesiastic, and theological changes in Switzerland during the time of the nineteenth-century culture wars. It analyzes the reforms of the churches undertaken during that period in correlation with the evolution of various social and cultural elements, in particular the ever-greater confessional diversity within the territory and the demand for religious freedom. After an initial general accounting of the history of Swiss institutions (state, Catholic, and Protestant national churches), the article explores an example of a liberal church reform that took place in Geneva in 1873: the creation of a Catholic Church defined simultaneously as Christian, national, liberal, and related to the German Old Catholic movement. It fashioned a new community in keeping with the idea that freedom of conscience should be implemented within the church, thereby meeting strong resistance from Roman Catholics. The article closes with a return to the broader Swiss context, arguing that freedom of belief and of worship was finally enshrined in the 1874 Swiss constitution as a result of the growing divisions among Christians over the compatibility of liberal values with Christian theology and the subsequent rise of a new confessionalism.

中文翻译：

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会众的自由？瑞士的文化战争、个人权利和国家教会（1848-1907）

本文旨在考察 19 世纪文化战争期间瑞士的政治、教会和神学变化。它分析了在此期间进行的教会改革与各种社会和文化因素的演变相关，特别是该地区日益增长的信仰多样性和对宗教自由的需求。在对瑞士机构（国家、天主教和新教国家教会）的历史进行初步概括后，本文探讨了 1873 年在日内瓦发生的自由教会改革的一个例子：创建一个同时被定义为基督教的天主教会，民族的，自由的，与德国旧天主教运动有关。它塑造了一个新的社区，以符合应在教会内部实施良心自由的理念，从而遭到罗马天主教徒的强烈抵制。文章最后回到更广泛的瑞士背景，认为信仰和礼拜的自由最终被载入 1874 年的瑞士宪法，这是由于基督徒之间在自由主义价值观与基督教神学的相容性问题上的分歧越来越大，以及随后的兴起一种新的忏悔主义。