This contribution discusses some topics concerning the physical activities of young children in ancient Greek society, especially games and contests. In Greek terminology and in general language use, these children are denoted as 'brephos', 'paidion' or 'paidiskē' and paidiskos. 'Paidion' is a term for a young child generally less than seven years and paīs for the age of seven up to fourteen years. Several Greek and Roman authors inform us about the games, contests, and the educational program for this age‐category (i.e., before boys go to the gymnasium). The following texts discuss some examples of games and physical exercise in early childhood: Plato, "Protagoras" 325c–326c, "Leges" 794c–808c; Ps.‐Plato, "Axiochus" 366–7; Aeschines, "Kata Timarchou" 9–12; Aristotle, "Politika" 1336a9–15 and 8.1338b40–1339a7; Horatius Flaccus, "Ars Poetica" 409–14; Quintilian, "Institutio oratoria" 1.1.20; Plutarch, "Lycurgus" 14; Pausanias 5.16.2; Flavius Philostratos, "Peri gymnastikes" 25, 28 and "Vitae sophistarum" 1.21.

中文翻译：

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希腊，罗马儿童的游戏，竞赛和竞争观念

该文稿讨论了有关古希腊社会中幼儿身体活动的一些主题，尤其是游戏和比赛。用希腊语术语和一般语言使用，这些孩子被称为“ brephos”，“ payed”或“paidiskē”和payediskos。“抚恤金”是指通常不到7岁的幼儿，而7岁至14岁的país。一些希腊和罗马作家向我们介绍了该年龄段（例如，男孩上体育馆之前）的比赛，竞赛和教育计划。以下文字讨论了一些儿童早期游戏和体育锻炼的例子：柏拉图，“ Protagoras” 325c–326c，“ Leges” 794c–808c；诗篇-柏拉图，“ Axiochus” 366-7；Aeschines，“ Kata Timarchou” 9-12；亚里斯多德，