This paper provides new evidence supporting the hypothesis that patriotism and nationalism influence personal trade policy preferences in addition to the typical economic determinants. It also examines the interaction of the 9/11 terrorist attacks along with patriotism and nationalism on policy preferences. Using the Heckscher-Ohlin model as a theoretical framework, ordered probit estimations were applied to survey responses from an International Social Survey Program survey question about preferences towards limiting imports. Extensions of the model were sequentially estimated to investigate the impact of national identity on policy preferences. The model was augmented to test how feelings of nationalism and patriotism influenced personal trade policy preferences. Data from the International Social Survey Program surveys administered in 1995/1996 and 2003/2004 also allowed us to reflect on the impact of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on trade preferences in the U.S. We found that prior to the 9/11 attacks, nationalism was associated with increased inclinations towards limiting imports while patriotism had no statistically significant impact on trade preferences. The 9/11 attacks made U.S. survey respondents less open to imports. Further, the 9/11 attacks served to reduce the impact of nationalism on the tendency to limit imports while it enhanced the desire to do so through patriotism.

中文翻译：

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国际贸易政策偏好：爱国主义和民族主义在 9/11 前后的影响

本文提供了新的证据，支持爱国主义和民族主义除了影响典型的经济决定因素之外，还会影响个人贸易政策偏好的假设。它还研究了 9/11 恐怖袭击与爱国主义和民族主义对政策偏好的相互作用。使用 Heckscher-Ohlin 模型作为理论框架，将有序概率估计应用于国际社会调查计划关于限制进口偏好的调查问题的调查答复。依次估计模型的扩展以研究国家认同对政策偏好的影响。该模型被增强以测试民族主义和爱国主义情绪如何影响个人贸易政策偏好。1995/1996 年和 2003/2004 年进行的国际社会调查计划调查的数据也使我们能够反思 9/11 恐怖袭击对美国贸易优惠的影响 我们发现，在 9/11 袭击之前，民族主义与限制进口的倾向增加有关，而爱国主义对贸易优惠没有统计上的显着影响。9/11 袭击使美国受访者对进口的开放程度降低。此外，9/11 袭击有助于减少民族主义对限制进口趋势的影响，同时增强了通过爱国主义这样做的愿望。民族主义与限制进口的倾向增加有关，而爱国主义对贸易优惠没有统计上的显着影响。9/11 袭击使美国受访者对进口的开放程度降低。此外，9/11 袭击有助于减少民族主义对限制进口趋势的影响，同时增强了通过爱国主义这样做的愿望。民族主义与限制进口的倾向增加有关，而爱国主义对贸易优惠没有统计上的显着影响。9/11 袭击使美国受访者对进口的开放程度降低。此外，9/11 袭击有助于减少民族主义对限制进口趋势的影响，同时增强了通过爱国主义这样做的愿望。