The division of goods into types or characteristics has a long history in economics, but it has achieved new importance in the last 50 years. This paper presents a novel pedagogical differentiation of goods into search, experience and credence categories, in part by adding a new goods designation. We argue that there is an important class of meta-credence goods for which there is no possible means of verification in any standard Popperian sense, meaning that the probability of fraud is greatly increased. Despite this fact, markets and prices exist. Assurances of some kind, whether self-generated or provided by experts, substitute for evidence. We propose using examples, some drawn from neoclassical economist Carl Menger, that such a characterization is useful in analyzing such markets.

中文翻译：

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极度信任和虚构的商品

将商品划分为类型或特征在经济学中历史悠久，但在过去 50 年中获得了新的重要性。本文提出了一种将商品分为搜索、体验和信任类别的新颖教学法，部分是通过添加新商品名称。我们认为存在一类重要的元信用商品，在任何标准波普尔意义上都没有可能的验证手段，这意味着欺诈的可能性大大增加。尽管如此，市场和价格仍然存在。某种保证，无论是自行生成的还是由专家提供的，都可以替代证据。我们建议使用一些例子，其中一些来自新古典经济学家卡尔·门格尔，这样的特征在分析此类市场时很有用。