While collaboration between imperial governments and their agents/representatives is essential to exploration and expansion, the partnership is complicated and fraught with tension. One area of tension is the competing interests of imperial governments and their agents, a dynamic, in the Spanish case, that can be traced back to the Reconquista, when the Spanish crown granted adelantados extensive powers in the regions they conquered. Thus, adelantados simultaneously strengthened and challenged Spanish control. This tension played out in the Americas in different ways, including conflicts over adequate compensation for explorers and conquistadores (e.g. Columbus and Cortés) and the Spanish crown’s efforts to reduce the power of some of its agents in the new world (e.g. Spain’s project of dismantling of the encomienda system by enacting the New Laws in the 1540s). Tensions, complexities, and challenges in this relationship are also illustrated by the fact that the chosen agents of imperial exploration and expansion varied across time, space, and empire. One central issue is historical shifts in the degree of power given to local agents. For example, Spain’s eighteenth-century Bourbon Reforms (what some scholars have referred to as a “Second Conquest”) forced creoles out of governmental posts, replacing them with peninsulares. In contrast, Spain’s Bourbon Reform-era military expansion in its American colonies utilized American subjects as soldiers. This strategy contrasted with the British military expansion, which mostly utilized Europeans (as opposed to locals) for soldiers to protect empire. While there were many factors that led to decisions, finances were paramount, but economic issues could cut both ways. During the Bourbon Reforms, Spain replaced creole politicians with peninsulares (via the implementation of the Intendancy system) in an attempt to gain more revenues from its American colonies but elected to utilize American royal subjects as soldiers, at least in part, because it was less costly. A related issue scholars have examined is the role that non-governmental agents played in exploration and the construction of empire. The most visible example is probably religion, with the role that the Catholic Church played in Spanish and Portuguese empires being two important cases in point. Pirates and Buccaneers are another prominent example; the role played by commerce, which emphasizes the TERRAE INCOGNITAE, Vol. 51, No. 3, 2019, 185–189

中文翻译：

---

探索史上的王冠、殖民者和殖民遭遇

虽然帝国政府与其代理人/代表之间的合作对于探索和扩张至关重要，但这种伙伴关系既复杂又充满张力。一个紧张的领域是帝国政府及其代理人的竞争利益，在西班牙的情况下，这种动态可以追溯到收复失地运动，当时西班牙王室授予阿德兰塔多斯在他们征服的地区广泛的权力。因此，阿德兰塔多斯同时加强并挑战了西班牙的控制。这种紧张局势以不同的方式在美洲上演，包括为探险家和征服者（例如哥伦布和科尔特斯）提供足够的补偿而发生冲突，以及西班牙王室努力减少其在新世界中的一些代理人的权力（例如 西班牙通过在 1540 年代颁布新法律来废除公证制度的计划）。这种关系中的紧张、复杂和挑战也体现在帝国探索和扩张的选定代理人随时间、空间和帝国而变化的事实。一个核心问题是赋予地方代理人权力程度的历史变化。例如，西班牙 18 世纪的波旁改革（一些学者称之为“第二次征服”）迫使克里奥尔人离开政府职位，取而代之的是半岛。相比之下，西班牙波旁改革时期在其美洲殖民地的军事扩张将美国臣民用作士兵。这一战略与英国的军事扩张形成鲜明对比，后者主要利用欧洲人（而不是当地人）作为士兵来保护帝国。虽然导致决策的因素有很多，但财务是最重要的，但经济问题可能是双向的。在波旁改革期间，西班牙用半岛取代了克里奥尔政治家（通过实施 Intendancy 制度），试图从其美国殖民地获得更多收入，但选择利用美国皇室臣民作为士兵，至少部分是因为它较少昂贵。学者们研究的一个相关问题是非政府代理人在探索和帝国建设中的作用。最明显的例子可能是宗教，天主教会在西班牙和葡萄牙帝国中扮演的角色就是两个重要的例子。海盗和海盗是另一个突出的例子。商业所扮演的角色，它强调了 TERRAE INCOGNITAE，Vol。51, No. 3, 2019,