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The evolving arboreta of Washington’s monumental core: 19th century to present
Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes Pub Date : 2017-07-17 , DOI: 10.1080/14601176.2017.1351815
Nathan Heavers 1
Affiliation  

At its monumental core, Washington, D.C., sustains a practice of collecting, planting, and curating tree collections across varied grounds, from Frederick Law Olmsted Sr.’s arboretum on Capitol Hill to the flowering cherries around the Tidal Basin. This paper defines the term arboretum broadly as a collection of trees emphasizing variety and highlighting individual specimens. Washington’s core supports a wide range of arboreta planted between the 19th century and the present. The first plantings in this context with the character of an arboretum were set out on five swampy acres on the west side of Capitol Hill—the beginnings of the US Botanic Garden (USBG). The Columbian Institute developed this garden, which featured a variety of trees, but the notion for it came from George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, who shared a vision for a national botanical garden. The idea was to collect, propagate, and distribute the botanical wealth of the young USA (much like they did on their private plantations). The first USBG failed, but a collection of plants brought to Washington by the Wilkes Expedition revived it in the 1840s, and it has been in continuous operation since. The next major influence on Washington’s parks, concerning arboreta, was Andrew Jackson Downing, a leading American landscape designer in the first half of the 19th century. President Millard Fillmore requested that he design the grounds of the National Mall, the space set aside by Pierre Charles L’Enfant in 1791 for a grand avenue heading west from the Capitol. Rather than adopt L’Enfant’s largely unbuilt plan, Downing believed that the city needed an arboretum to unify the National Mall with the defining element of trees (figure 1). His plan thematically joined various grounds between the Capitol and the newly begun Washington Monument. He proposed meandering footpaths and carriage drives through a variety of carefully placed and planted tree specimens as well as more dense groupings. The National Mall at the center of the monumental core would be a ‘living museum of trees’ and an educational experience for visitors and residents. However, Downing’s death in a steamboat accident on the Hudson along with the arrival of the Civil War halted the implementation of his plan, except for the first parts completed around the White House, the Ellipse, and the Smithsonian Castle. The typical description of Washington’s monumental core after Downing is that the land between Capitol Hill and the Washington Monument (completed in 1888) accumulated a variety of smaller parks and a railroad. It lacked the cohesion and clarity of purpose of L’Enfant’s original proposal or Downing’s. Among the spaces on the National Mall at the turn of the 20th century was the arboretum of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). It was contiguous with the grounds of the Smithsonian, planted as Downing suggested. Frederick Law Olmsted had designed the Capitol grounds as an arboretum, beginning in 1874, but had been unable to do anything with the National Mall. However, in 1900, when Olmsted’s son, Frederick Law

中文翻译:

华盛顿不朽核心的进化植物园:19 世纪至今

在其不朽的核心,华盛顿特区维持着收集、种植和管理不同地区树木收藏的做法,从老弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德 (Frederick Law Olmsted) 在国会山的植物园到潮汐盆地周围盛开的樱桃。本文将植物园一词广义地定义为强调多样性和突出个体标本的树木的集合。华盛顿的核心支持 19 世纪至今种植的各种树木。在这种背景下,第一批具有植物园特征的种植园位于国会山西侧的 5 英亩沼泽地——美国植物园 (USBG) 的开端。哥伦比亚研究所开发了这个以各种树木为特色的花园,但它的概念来自乔治华盛顿和托马斯杰斐逊,谁分享了一个国家植物园的愿景。这个想法是收集、传播和分发年轻美国的植物财富(就像他们在私人种植园中所做的那样)。第一个 USBG 失败了,但是威尔克斯远征队带到华盛顿的一系列植物在 1840 年代将它复活,此后一直在持续运营。对华盛顿公园的下一个主要影响是关于树木园的,是 19 世纪上半叶美国领先的景观设计师安德鲁·杰克逊·唐宁 (Andrew Jackson Downing)。米勒德·菲尔莫尔总统要求他设计国家广场的场地,这是 1791 年由皮埃尔·查尔斯·朗方 (Pierre Charles L'Enfant) 留出的空间,用于从国会大厦向西延伸的大道。与其采用 L'Enfant 基本上未建成的计划,唐宁认为,这座城市需要一个植物园来将国家广场与树木的定义元素统一起来(图 1)。他的计划在主题上加入了国会大厦和新开始的华盛顿纪念碑之间的各个领域。他建议蜿蜒的人行道和马车车道穿过各种精心放置和种植的树木标本以及更密集的群体。位于纪念碑核心中心的国家广场将成为一个“活的树木博物馆”,并为游客和居民提供教育体验。然而,随着内战的到来,唐宁在哈德逊河上的一次汽船事故中去世,停止了他的计划的实施,除了在白宫、椭圆形和史密森尼城堡周围完成的第一部分。唐宁之后对华盛顿不朽核心的典型描述是国会山和华盛顿纪念碑(1888 年竣工)之间的土地聚集了各种较小的公园和一条铁路。它缺乏 L'Enfant 或唐宁的原始提案的凝聚力和目的明确性。20 世纪之交,国家广场上的空间之一是美国农业部 (USDA) 的植物园。它与史密森尼的场地相连,按照唐宁的建议种植。弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德 (Frederick Law Olmsted) 于 1874 年开始将国会大厦场地设计为植物园,但未能对国家广场做任何事情。然而,在 1900 年,当奥姆斯特德的儿子弗雷德里克·劳 它缺乏 L'Enfant 或唐宁的原始提案的凝聚力和目的明确性。20 世纪之交,国家广场上的空间之一是美国农业部 (USDA) 的植物园。它与史密森尼的场地相连,按照唐宁的建议种植。弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德 (Frederick Law Olmsted) 于 1874 年开始将国会大厦场地设计为植物园,但未能对国家广场做任何事情。然而,在 1900 年,当奥姆斯特德的儿子弗雷德里克·劳 它缺乏 L'Enfant 或唐宁的原始提案的凝聚力和目的明确性。20 世纪之交,国家广场上的空间之一是美国农业部 (USDA) 的植物园。它与史密森尼的场地相连,按照唐宁的建议种植。弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德 (Frederick Law Olmsted) 于 1874 年开始将国会大厦场地设计为植物园,但未能对国家广场做任何事情。然而,在 1900 年,当奥姆斯特德的儿子弗雷德里克·劳 弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德 (Frederick Law Olmsted) 于 1874 年开始将国会大厦场地设计为植物园,但未能对国家广场做任何事情。然而,在 1900 年,当奥姆斯特德的儿子弗雷德里克·劳 弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德 (Frederick Law Olmsted) 于 1874 年开始将国会大厦场地设计为植物园,但未能对国家广场做任何事情。然而,在 1900 年,当奥姆斯特德的儿子弗雷德里克·劳
更新日期:2017-07-17
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