Concave Worlds, Artificial Horizons Reframing the urban public garden Karl Kullmann 2017, Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes Introduction: garden as urban counterpoint As a type, the urban public garden retains an important place-making role in cities. Unlike urban parks—which are increasingly indistinguishable from the neoliberal cities of spectacle in which they are set—gardens retain poetic distinctiveness in the public’s imagination. 1 The urban public garden is, nonetheless, afflicted by an enduring tension; on the one hand, the garden often assumes the role of a counterpoint to the disorientation of its surroundings, while on the other, this differential between the garden and its setting potentially leads to a destabilizing disjuncture. As Richard Ingersoll observes, the garden ‘establishes a reassuring sense of stability in its immediate vicinity’, while ‘also function[ing] as a scapegoat and antithesis to the reality outside’. 2 As is customary in the history of garden making, the physical frame remains the primary apparatus for enabling this paradoxical relationship. However, when the garden and its context become particularly estranged—as is the case with the traditional model of the walled garden set within the contemporary dispersed city—the agency of rigid framing is potentially undermined. Set in contrast to the walled garden, the article investigates a more opened form of garden delineation shaped by topography. 3 In particular, the threshold created by the upper lip of concaved landform is explored for its capacity to mediate between the garden and the city. More of a filter than a frame, this configuration potentially primes the public urban garden space to retain its

中文翻译：

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凹面世界，人工视野：重塑城市公共花园

凹面世界，人工地平线重塑城市公共花园 Karl Kullmann 2017，花园历史和设计景观研究 导言：花园作为城市对立面 作为一种类型，城市公共花园在城市中保留着重要的场所营造作用。不同于城市公园——它们越来越难以与它们所在的新自由主义城市景观区分开来——花园在公众的想象中保留了诗意的独特性。1 尽管如此，城市公共花园仍受到持久的紧张影响；一方面，花园通常扮演着与周围环境迷失方向相对应的角色，而另一方面，花园与其环境之间的这种差异可能会导致不稳定的分离。正如理查德·英格索尔所观察到的，花园“在其附近建立了一种令人放心的稳定感”，同时“也充当了替罪羊和外部现实的对立面”。2 按照花园制作历史的惯例，物理框架仍然是促成这种矛盾关系的主要工具。然而，当花园及其环境变得特别疏远时——就像在当代分散的城市中设置围墙花园的传统模型一样——刚性框架的作用可能会受到破坏。与围墙花园相比，本文研究了一种由地形塑造的更开放的花园划分形式。3 特别地，探索了由凹形地貌上唇形成的门槛，因为它有能力在花园和城市之间进行调解。与其说是框架，不如说是过滤器，