ABSTRACT

The presence of spectators in sport is considered a factor that leads to home advantage (HA). The objective of this research was to analyse the difference of wins, points and goals both at home and away depending on the presence or absence of a crowd and other possible covariates such as budget or average attendance at the stadium in times post COVID. The sample is made up of eight football leagues (soccer) from Germany, Spain, Italy, England and Austria. The results show that there are no significant differences between playing with or without a crowd, except in the German and Spanish top leagues. Even so, there is a tendency in most competitions to play worse at home and better away from home when there are no spectators. These findings do not generally support the theory of social facilitation; so it is concluded that there must be other factors that explain HA.

摘要

观众在体育运动中的存在被认为是导致主场优势（HA）的因素。这项研究的目的是分析是否存在拥挤人群以及其他可能的协变量（例如预算或COVID后在体育场的平均出勤率）在国内外的获胜，积分和目标的差异。该样本由来自德国，西班牙，意大利，英格兰和奥地利的八个足球联赛（足球）组成。结果表明，除了在德国和西班牙的顶级联赛中，在有或没有人群的情况下比赛之间没有显着差异。即便如此，大多数比赛中有一种趋势，即在没有观众的情况下，在本国比赛中表现更差，在本国比赛中表现更好。这些发现通常不支持社会便利化理论。