ABSTRACT

When the 'green revolution' began in Punjab in 1964, Punjab sprang to the front rank of Indian agricultural production. But since about 2000, it has been increasingly clear that the technology is leading to an encompassing ecological disaster. The reason for the change lies in the organizational framework. Born in a spirit of flexible egalitarian democracy, it is now dominated by rigid central authoritarianism that forces farmers to grow one crop rotation for one buyer: wheat and rice for the Food Corporation of India. The SGPC and Akali Dal have had an important role in this transformation. This describes it.

中文翻译：

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旁遮普的生态危机：阿卡利达尔、SGPC 以及相互竞争的民主和专制发展方式

摘要

1964 年旁遮普开始“绿色革命”时，旁遮普一跃成为印度农业生产的前列。但自 2000 年左右以来，越来越明显的是，该技术正在导致一场包罗万象的生态灾难。变化的原因在于组织框架。它诞生于灵活的平等民主精神，现在被严格的中央威权主义所主导，迫使农民为一个买家种植一种作物：印度食品公司的小麦和大米。SGPC 和 Akali Dal 在这一转变中发挥了重要作用。这描述了它。