The paper discusses the following result of the so-called ‘Ricardian’ models of international trade: the impossibility of exclusion from trade. We show that this result holds due to the very restrictive assumptions behind these models: (i) commodities are produced by unassisted labour alone under (ii) complete factor immobility. The moment these assumptions are relaxed, the likelihood of exclusion can no longer be neglected. The reason is the following: even if there were no limits to the fall in the rate of domestic real wages, production costs would reach a positive lower bound due to the presence of imported capital goods. Exclusion is therefore the result of this lower bound being higher than the prevailing international price, for both capital and consumption-goods sectors

中文翻译：

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“李嘉图”贸易模型中的排除

本文讨论了所谓的“李嘉图”国际贸易模型的以下结果：排除贸易的可能性。我们表明，由于这些模型背后的限制性很强的假设，该结果成立：（i）商品是在（ii）完全要素不流动的情况下由无辅助劳动单独生产的。一旦放宽这些假设，就不能再忽视被排除在外的可能性。原因如下：即使国内实际工资率的下降没有限制，由于进口资本货物的存在，生产成本也会达到一个正的下限。因此，排除是资本和消费品部门的下限高于现行国际价格的结果