ABSTRACT The early Australian cinema market was a lucrative target for export-dependent European film producers, from the French Pathé Frérès to the Danish Nordisk Films Kompagni. By 1913, cinema attendance was a national pastime in Australia, with approximately 12% of the population going to the pictures every Saturday night. Australian film production was innovative but too limited to meet domestic demand. As a result of this disparity in supply and demand, coupled with the innovative artistry of European silent films, a significant percentage of the films shown in Australia in the pre-World War I years were imported from Europe. Initially, most of these films were advertised simply by their title and occasionally the production company. Despite such minimal branding, many of these films were in continuous circulation on urban and provincial cinema circuits for years at a time. However, with the emergence of the monopoly-distribution system and associated rise of the star culture that sold films on the strength of an actor or actress's name, several European stars began to develop an devoted Australian following. Most of the early European stars who made a name for themselves in Australia were women, notably the Danish actress Asta Nielsen and the Italian actress Francesca Bertini. This article maps the scope of these female European stars’ popularity in pre-World War I Australia and explores the circulation conditions that facilitated their stardom, particularly in relation to the transformation of Australian production, distribution, and exhibition systems in the early 1910s, as well as during and after World War I.

中文翻译：

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女主角下：1910年代在澳大利亚电影院中发行的Asta Nielsen和Francesca Bertini的电影

摘要早期的澳大利亚电影市场是依赖出口的欧洲电影制片人的一个有利可图的目标，从法国PathéFrérès到丹麦Nordisk Films Kompagni。到1913年，电影院的上座人数已成为澳大利亚的一项全国性消遣，大约每星期六晚上有12％的人口去看电影。澳大利亚的电影制作具有创新性，但又不能满足国内需求。由于供求差距，再加上欧洲无声电影的创新技艺，第一次世界大战前几年在澳大利亚放映的电影有很大一部分是从欧洲进口的。最初，这些电影中的大多数只是通过标题（有时是制作公司）做广告。尽管品牌极少，这些电影中的许多电影一次又一次在城市和省级电影院中不断流通。但是，随着垄断发行制度的出现以及随之而来的明星文化的兴起，这种明星文化以演员的名字或名字的名字出售电影，一些欧洲明星开始培养出忠实的澳大利亚追随者。在澳大利亚成名的大多数早期欧洲女星都是女性，尤其是丹麦女演员阿斯塔·尼尔森和意大利女演员弗朗西斯·贝蒂尼。本文介绍了这些欧洲女明星在第一次世界大战前澳大利亚的受欢迎程度，并探讨了促进其出名的发行条件，特别是在1910年代初澳大利亚生产，发行和展览系统的转型方面，