ABSTRACT Through the sociolinguistic analysis of texts close to the pole of communicative immediacy, in this paper we analyze a phenomenon of variation and change extended throughout almost five centuries in the history of Spanish: the alternation between the relative pronouns quien and quienes with plural antecedent. Putting the focus on quien, currently a moribund form, the study analyzes the linguistic and extralinguistic factors, as well as the normative prescriptions that have conditioned this variation in different periods. In this evolution, five different phases are detected in which several structural factor groups constrain the variation, even though its strength weakens as time passes. Among these stands out the type of relative, with the restrictive clauses as the main allies of quien, and to a lesser extent others, such as the syntactic and semantic nature of the antecedents. On the social level, and along with some suggestive dialectal implications, what stands out is the status of writers. However, this factor shows different explanatory directions at different times, in parallel to changes in the prestige of pronouns in the temporal axis. Finally, the article concludes with some theoretical implications about this and other obsolescent forms in the history of Spanish.

中文翻译：

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Auge y caída de una forma obsolescente: la evolución del relativo quien con antecedente 复数 en la historia del español

摘要 通过对接近交际直接性的文本的社会语言学分析，在本文中，我们分析了西班牙语历史上延续近五个世纪的变异和变化现象：关系代词 quien 和 quienes 与复数先行词之间的交替。将重点放在 quien 上，目前是一种垂死的形式，该研究分析了语言和语言外的因素，以及在不同时期调节这种变化的规范规定。在这种演变中，检测到五个不同的阶段，其中几个结构因素组限制了变化，尽管其强度随着时间的推移而减弱。其中突出的是亲属类型，限制性条款是奎恩的主要盟友，在较小程度上是其他人，例如先行词的句法和语义性质。在社会层面上，以及一些暗示性的方言含义，突出的是作家的地位。然而，这个因素在不同时间显示出不同的解释方向，与时间轴上代词声望的变化平行。最后，文章最后对西班牙语历史上的这种形式和其他过时的形式提出了一些理论意义。