ABSTRACT This paper presents a semantic analysis of the Spanish modal verbs deber ‘must’ and tener que ‘have to’, based on their deontic uses in parliamentary debates. These verbs have previously been described in terms of weak vs. strong necessity or internal vs. external obligation, frequently without the support of empirical data. In contrast, we argue that the notion of (inter)subjectivity is crucial for a proper understanding of these verbs. Our quantitative analysis, in which we examined deber and tener que according to five variables related to the semantic notion of (inter)subjectivity (tense, polarity, grammatical person, diathesis, source of the necessity), shows statistically significant differences between the verbs. Deber is more frequent in the conditional tense, in negated utterances as well as in passive/impersonal clauses, in the third person and when the source of the necessity is not the speaker. Tener que usually occurs in the present tense and in affirmative and active clauses, is equally frequent in first and third person and usually appears when the source of the necessity is the speaker. Based on these results, we conclude that tener que is used to convey a subjective attitude whereas deber is used to indicate intersubjectivity.

中文翻译：

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主观和主体间情态：西班牙语情态动词的定量方法

摘要 本文根据西班牙语情态动词 deber 'must' 和 tener que 'have to' 的语义分析，基于它们在议会辩论中的道义用法。这些动词以前曾被描述为弱与强必要性或内部与外部义务，通常没有经验数据的支持。相比之下，我们认为（主体间）的概念对于正确理解这些动词至关重要。在我们的定量分析中，我们根据与（间）主体性的语义概念（时态、极性、语法人称、素质、必要性来源）相关的五个变量检查​​了 deber 和 tener que，显示了动词之间的统计学显着差异。Deber 在条件时态、否定话语以及被动/非人称从句中更常见，在第三人称中，当必要性的来源不是说话者时。Tener que 通常出现在现在时和肯定和主动从句中，在第一和第三人称中同样频繁出现，并且通常出现在必要性的来源是说话者时。基于这些结果，我们得出结论，tener que 用于传达主观态度，而 deber 用于表示主体间性。