ABSTRACT The development of literature in the vernacular in fifteenth-century Gwalior has been attributed to its local rulers’ intentionality at that time. The patronage of the Tomars, a Rajput dynasty, for retellings of the epics in Classical Hindi has been ascribed to a reaction to ‘Muslim’ sovereignty and to a desire to ascertain their ‘son of the soil’ credentials. This paper complicates this commonplace reduction of the motives of patronage, and opens up the study of the complex contemporaneous environment, where other forms of literature were being produced as well. To better situate the emergence of Classical Hindi, this paper presents a contextualized overview of the literary production of two other prominent communities, besides the Hindu Tomar court, namely that of the Jain merchants, and of the Sufis catering to the military garrison. The study of these multiple patrons and audiences suggests that the impetus of vernacularization is not to be reduced to a single court, but emerged from complex interactions between different milieus and extended networks of circulation.

中文翻译：

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十五世纪托马尔·瓜里奥尔的史诗和白话作品

摘要十五世纪格瓦廖尔白话文学的发展归因于当时当地统治者的故意。拉杰普特王朝（Tomars）是拉杰普特王朝（Pamar）的赞助人，目的是重述古典印地语史诗，这归因于对“穆斯林”主权的反应以及对确定其“土壤之子”资历的渴望。本文使这种平淡的光顾动机复杂化，并开辟了对同时期复杂环境的研究，在那里也产生了其他形式的文学作品。为了更好地了解古典印地语的出现，除了印度教托玛尔法院（Ja那教商人）和苏菲派（苏菲派）迎战军事要塞外，本文还介绍了另外两个主要社区的文学作品的语境概述。