ABSTRACT Since 1990, an irregular migration industry has flourished in different cities of Indian Punjab because of the eagerness among young men to emigrate at any cost and increased border controls imposed by the European Union. In Europe, the majority of irregular immigrants from Punjab end up in Spain or Italy due to continuous regularisation programmes, support from social networks and the availability of informal jobs. In this paper, with a thematic analysis of 72 in-depth interviews with irregular immigrants from Punjab in Italy or Spain, their relatives in Punjab and members of the host community, this paper explores the main causes and consequences of Punjabi irregular immigration in Italy and Spain.

中文翻译：

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旁遮普人非法移民到意大利和西班牙：原因和后果

摘要 自 1990 年以来，由于年轻人渴望不惜一切代价移民以及欧盟加强边境管制，非正常移民行业在印度旁遮普省的不同城市蓬勃发展。在欧洲，由于持续的正规化计划、社会网络的支持和非正式工作的可用性，来自旁遮普邦的大多数非正常移民最终会留在西班牙或意大利。本文通过对来自意大利或西班牙旁遮普邦非正常移民及其旁遮普亲属和东道社区成员的 72 次深度访谈的专题分析，探讨了旁遮普非正常移民在意大利的主要原因和后果，以及西班牙。